Epiretinal Membrane (Epiretinal Membranes)

A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)

Also Known As:

Networked: 2675 relevant articles (99 outcomes, 241 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Retinal Perforations
2.	Retinal Detachment (Retinal Detachments)
3.	Macular Edema
4.	Vitreous Hemorrhage
5.	Epiretinal Membrane (Epiretinal Membranes)

Experts

1.	Abu El-Asrar, Ahmed M: 29 articles (01/2022 - 09/2006)
2.	Siddiquei, Mohammad Mairaj: 21 articles (05/2020 - 01/2013)
3.	Opdenakker, Ghislain: 20 articles (01/2022 - 02/2007)
4.	Kampik, Anselm: 19 articles (10/2015 - 03/2003)
5.	De Hertogh, Gert: 18 articles (01/2022 - 01/2013)
6.	Mohammad, Ghulam: 18 articles (10/2019 - 01/2013)
7.	Haritoglou, Christos: 18 articles (01/2019 - 03/2003)
8.	Meyer, Carsten H: 17 articles (02/2021 - 01/2004)
9.	Freeman, William R: 17 articles (07/2019 - 09/2003)
10.	Rizzo, Stanislao: 16 articles (01/2022 - 04/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Epiretinal Membrane:

1.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 09/01/2019 - "Patients with preoperative inner retinal deformation were found to have significantly improved long-term visual outcomes after epiretinal membrane removal." 01/01/2023 - "To investigate the efficacy of the geometric morphometrics method for the evaluation of retinal deformation in patients with epiretinal membrane (ERM) and determine whether the degree of deformation can serve as a predictive factor for postoperative visual outcome. " 01/01/2022 - "Retinal misregistration and effect of surgery on its improvement in patients with epiretinal membrane." 01/01/2016 - "There was spontaneous resolution of a macular epiretinal membrane with normalization of the macular retinal microstructure. " 01/01/2001 - "The electrical retinal response density of these areas gradually improved after peeling of the epimacular membrane."
2.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2021 - "To evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative slow-release dexamethasone implant (DEX) combined with removal of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM). " 01/01/2023 - "Intraoperative slow-release dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex) in epiretinal membrane peeling surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial." 02/01/2021 - "Evaluation of intraoperative slow-release dexamethasone implant combined with idiopathic epiretinal membrane removal." 01/01/2017 - "Intravitreal dexamethasone implant injection is an effective treatment option for persistent CME following macular pucker surgery." 01/01/2017 - "In this multicenter study, we retrospectively reviewed the data of 37 patients (39 eyes) who had been treated with intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®) for persistent CME following macular pucker surgery. "
3.	microplasminIBA 06/01/2016 - "The two best studies concluded that ocriplasmin is cost-effective in their respective countries (Canada and United Kingdom), but only in patients with certain conditions (without epiretinal membrane, for example). " 01/01/2016 - "Ocriplasmin is most effective in younger patients with focal VMA and without an epiretinal membrane. " 07/01/2015 - "Ocriplasmin demonstrated efficacy in closure of small and medium FTMH, and in FTMH without epiretinal membrane at baseline. " 12/01/2016 - "Subgroup analysis of these clinical trials as well as post-marketing clinical series have aided in patient selection by identifying features associated with successful pharmacologic release of VMT with ocriplasmin, including adhesion diameter ≤1500 μm, absence of epiretinal membrane, phakic status, and age younger than 65. " 03/01/2015 - "The study is a retrospective chart review of patients who would have high chances of a benefit by an Ocriplasmin injection, without epiretinal membrane or vitreomacular adhesion of 1500 µm or more on SD-OCT. "
4.	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)IBA 01/01/2019 - "This study aimed to assess whether the existence of epiretinal membrane (ERM) affects anti-VEGF efficacy, due to reduced permeability of the antibody through the ERM. " 06/01/2003 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of VEGF in vitreous, aqueous and epiretinal membranes of diabetic and non-diabetic patients, with other pathological conditions requiring surgical intervention. " 01/01/2021 - "Fluorescence immunostaining was performed to examine the expressions of VEGF, EPO and CD 105 in the excised epiretinal membranes. " 01/01/2018 - "Fluorescence immunostaining was performed to examine the expression of VEGF and proliferating cells in the excised epiretinal membranes. " 12/01/2016 - "We examined the expression of phospho-MeCP2-S80, S421, VEGF and PEDF in surgically excised PDR membranes from 33 patients with diabetes, and idiopathic epiretinal membranes from 11 patients without diabetes, using immunohistochemistry and western blot. "
5.	Trypan BlueFDA Link 06/01/2011 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate "in vivo" safety of trypan blue (TB) in patients undergoing TB-assisted internal limiting membrane or epiretinal membrane peeling. " 04/01/2010 - "The purpose of this study was to correlate the ultrastructural morphology of epiretinal tissue with optical coherence tomography and to investigate the effects of trypan blue staining on epiretinal membrane (ERM) ultrastructure and clinical outcome. " 02/01/2005 - "[Ultrastructural study of epiretinal membrane stained by trypan blue: 15 case reports]." 04/01/2014 - "Trypan blue stains epiretinal membranes and facilitates their complete removal. " 04/01/2013 - "To evaluate the selectivity and strength of intraoperative trypan blue staining during removal of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) and the internal limiting membrane. "
6.	Bevacizumab (Avastin)FDA Link 07/01/2014 - "To assess efficacy of membrane peeling combined with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in the treatment of macular epiretinal membrane. " 07/01/2014 - "[Membrane peeling combined with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for treatment of macular epiretinal membrane: analysis of 33 cases]." 01/01/2013 - "The condition that exclude patients from bevacizumab treatment is horizontal (epiretinal membrane), and vertical traction revealed in spectral optical coherence tomography." 06/01/2011 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of intravitreal bevacizumab (ivBe) injection in patients with persistent macular edema after macular epiretinal membrane (ERM) removal. " 09/01/2018 - "To report a case of rapid "epiretinal membrane" ("ERM") development following intravitreal bevacizumab for juvenile Coats' disease. "
7.	Fluorescein (Funduscein)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2021 - "Fluorescein angiography helped to predict visual prognosis after idiopathic epiretinal membrane surgery." 12/01/2021 - "MICROVASCULAR LEAKAGE IS A POOR PROGNOSTIC FACTOR FOR IDIOPATHIC EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE: A Fluorescein Angiography Study." 12/01/2017 - "The aim of the current study was to determine the association between fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) image results, optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging results and visual functions in patients with idiopathic epiretinal membranes (ERMs). " 12/01/2021 - "To investigate the angiographic findings assessed using fluorescein angiography and their prognostic values of idiopathic epiretinal membrane. " 09/01/2021 - "The presence of an epiretinal membrane (ERM) was confirmed by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), fluorescein and indocyanine angiography. "
8.	Indocyanine Green (Cardio-Green)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2004 - "Indocyanine green-assisted internal limiting membrane removal in epiretinal membrane surgery: a clinical and histologic study." 03/01/2009 - "Ultrastructural changes of the internal limiting membrane removed during indocyanine green assisted peeling versus conventional surgery for idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane." 04/01/2008 - "To describe a case of scattered toxicity of indocyanine green on the outer retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) after indocyanine green (ICG) assisted membrane peeling for macular pucker. " 12/01/2007 - "To evaluate the anatomical and functional outcome in eyes with indocyanine green (ICG)-assisted idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) peeling by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multifocal electroretinogram (MFERG). " 12/01/2007 - "Indocyanine green-assisted epiretinal membrane peeling evaluated by optical coherence tomography and multifocal electroretinography."
9.	Triamcinolone Acetonide (Azmacort)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2021 - "Triamcinolone acetonide staining had a significant preventive effect on the postoperative epiretinal membrane. " 01/01/2021 - "Triamcinolone acetonide staining was significantly associated with the prevention of epiretinal membrane (p=0.022). " 10/01/2018 - "Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for epiretinal membrane removal, and preservative-free triamcinolone acetonide was approved by the FDA for intraocular use. " 01/01/2017 - "The presence of epiretinal membrane or previous posterior subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide (PSTA) were associated with a smaller reduction in CST (P=0.029 and 0.018, respectively), but had no significant effects in visual improvement at month 3 (P>0.05 for both). " 07/01/2004 - "Upon injection of triamcinolone acetonide, the entire epiretinal membrane and residual vitreous cortex could be visualized in all patients. "
10.	Coloring Agents (Dyes)IBA 09/01/2005 - "All dyes investigated in this study stained human lens capsules, removed intraoperatively; ERMs, peeled during macular pucker surgery; and enucleated porcine eyes, depending on the concentration applied. " 06/20/2023 - "The use of TB was successful in delineating the proliferative preretinal membranes in 100% of patients, with no residual staining of posterior segment tissues or adverse reactions related to the dye noted at postoperative visits. " 09/01/2018 - "The PFCL-assisted technique enables sufficient membrane staining with minimal amounts of BBG dye, with tearing of the epiretinal membrane or internal limiting membrane being less likely than with the conventional method." 01/01/2018 - "Enrolled patients underwent macular surgery with a new technique of staining the epiretinal membrane and the internal limiting membrane with vital dyes. " 12/01/2017 - "To describe the presence and integrity of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) after removal of the macular epiretinal membrane (ERM) and to investigate the accuracy of tissue identification using surgical dyes when compared to histopathology results. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Vitrectomy 01/01/1987 - "Vitrectomy and epimacular membrane peeling results in significant visual improvement in most patients." 04/01/1979 - "Despite such risks, and the fact that the best postoperative visual acuity achieved was 20/30, use of vitrectomy methods to remove epiretinal membranes can provide significant visual improvement in selected cases." 03/01/2021 - "Vitrectomy with the removal of the epiretinal membrane is effective in attaining a good BCVA even in the myopic eyes with long AL." 01/01/2021 - "Significant improvement in BCVA and CRT is noted after micro-incision vitrectomy surgery to operate fovea-attached type epiretinal membranes. " 03/01/2016 - "Both intraoperative DEX and IVTA, used at the completion of vitrectomy and at membrane peeling for epiretinal membrane, were effective in improving visual and anatomic outcomes, though there was a trend toward greater significance with IVTA."
2.	Traction 01/01/1981 - "Traction detachment and contracted epiretinal membranes associated with significant visual loss are treated by vitreous surgery; an effective treatment for macular heterotopia has not been demonstrated." 10/01/2008 - "Selection of patients for surgery on the basis of OCT partial vitreomacular separation or clinical signs of traction such as an epiretinal membrane or taut thickened hyaloid has been reported to be associated with a modest improvement in prospective studies but this has not been subjected to controlled study. " 01/01/1990 - "The median visual acuity for patients with epiretinal membrane and vitreomacular traction syndrome improved from 20/200 preoperatively to 20/70 and 20/50 postoperatively. " 01/01/1984 - "In addition to removing vitreous opacities and severing all anteroposterior connections of the posterior hyaloid face with a cutting and sucking probe, tangential traction in and around the macula is eliminated by sectioning preretinal membranes with intraocular scissors. " 04/11/2023 - "Epiretinal traction was determined by the presence of epiretinal membrane (ERM), attached posterior hyaloid, or vascular traction with multimodal imaging studies and intraoperative findings in those received surgical interventions. "
3.	Therapeutics 01/01/2020 - "Conclusion: The presence of an epiretinal membrane did not change the treatment response to DI therapy." 07/01/2015 - "We report the outcome of patients undergoing small-gauge vitrectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membrane peel with or without adjuvant TA therapy. " 05/01/2014 - "To evaluate the effects of epiretinal membranes on the response of uveitic macular edema to therapy and on visual acuity outcomes. " 05/01/2014 - "Epiretinal membranes in uveitic macular edema: effect on vision and response to therapy." 05/01/2008 - "Spontaneous macular hole closure with appearance of epiretinal membrane: implications for therapy."
4.	Vitreoretinal Surgery 01/01/2016 - "To investigate histopathological changes of internal limiting membrane (ILM) in patients with epiretinal membrane (ERM) Materials and Methods: Forty-two eyes of 42 patients who were diagnosed as ERM and enrolled for vitreoretinal surgery were included in this study. " 08/01/2015 - "THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF OPHTHALMOLOGISTS' NATIONAL OPHTHALMOLOGY DATABASE STUDY OF VITREORETINAL SURGERY: Report 4, Epiretinal Membrane." 02/20/2023 - "Idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) surgery is one of the most commonly performed vitreoretinal surgeries, and the issue of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in ERM surgery is still controversial. " 01/01/2023 - "A total of 59 eyes of 59 patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery for epiretinal membrane was analyzed. " 04/01/2018 - "We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membrane between January 2012 and 2014. "
5.	Cryotherapy (Therapy, Cold) 08/01/2006 - "Only a subgroup of eyes operated on for macular pucker and venous occlusions showed a strong trend to prove the efficacy of prophylactic cryotherapy (p=0.07). " 06/25/2009 - "Seven months after cryotherapy, the macular pucker resolved spontaneously." 05/01/1981 - "Macular pucker may still occur in spite of the absence of cryotherapy." 06/25/2009 - "Appearance and Spontaneous Resolution of Macular Pucker After Triple Freeze-Thaw Cryotherapy for Retinoblastoma." 06/25/2009 - "This report describes a case of macular pucker after triple freeze-thaw cryotherapy for retinoblastoma. "