Epiretinal Membrane (Epiretinal Membranes)

A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) retinal pigment epithelial cells. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the fovea centralis. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with retinal holes, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)

Also Known As:

Networked: 1127 relevant articles (34 outcomes, 94 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Retinal Perforations
2.	Retinal Detachment (Retinal Detachments)
3.	Vitreous Hemorrhage
4.	Cataract (Cataracts)
5.	Macular Degeneration (Age-Related Maculopathy)

Experts

1.	Meyer, Carsten H: 14 articles (01/2013 - 01/2004)
2.	Abu El-Asrar, Ahmed M: 13 articles (11/2015 - 09/2006)
3.	Mitamura, Yoshinori: 12 articles (01/2015 - 06/2002)
4.	Freeman, William R: 12 articles (04/2014 - 09/2003)
5.	Kampik, A: 11 articles (01/2015 - 01/2000)
6.	Inoue, Makoto: 11 articles (10/2014 - 02/2002)
7.	Rodrigues, Eduardo B: 11 articles (04/2012 - 01/2004)
8.	Kampik, Anselm: 10 articles (10/2015 - 04/2003)
9.	Haritoglou, C: 10 articles (07/2015 - 02/2001)
10.	Ishida, Susumu: 10 articles (02/2014 - 02/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Epiretinal Membrane:

1.	Trypan BlueFDA Link 06/01/2011 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate "in vivo" safety of trypan blue (TB) in patients undergoing TB-assisted internal limiting membrane or epiretinal membrane peeling. " 04/01/2010 - "The purpose of this study was to correlate the ultrastructural morphology of epiretinal tissue with optical coherence tomography and to investigate the effects of trypan blue staining on epiretinal membrane (ERM) ultrastructure and clinical outcome. " 02/01/2005 - "[Ultrastructural study of epiretinal membrane stained by trypan blue: 15 case reports]." 04/01/2014 - "Trypan blue stains epiretinal membranes and facilitates their complete removal. " 04/01/2013 - "To evaluate the selectivity and strength of intraoperative trypan blue staining during removal of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) and the internal limiting membrane. "
2.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 01/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of postoperative systemic steroid treatment on retinal sensitivity in patients with epiretinal membrane (ERM) after successful surgery. " 11/01/2013 - "To study the effect of epiretinal membrane (ERM) removal on the function and structure of the retina, and to determine whether the functional changes were correlated with the changes in the thickness of different retinal layers. " 01/01/2013 - "In this study, the authors aimed to investigate structural abnormalities in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and study the surgical outcomes in eyes with such alterations by comparing ultrastructure findings of the surgically excised epiretinal membrane (ERM) and inner limiting membrane (ILM) in patients with idiopathic ERM. " 03/01/2010 - "The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between thickening of the inner and outer retinal layers and visual acuity in patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane. " 01/01/2010 - "The purpose of this study is to determine whether OCT can be used as an additional tool for evaluating an architecture including the thickened area, and the identifiable edge of a macular epiretinal membrane (ERM), and helping us to dissect the ERM from the retinal surface more easily and safely. "
3.	SiliconesIBA 11/01/2006 - "The immunohistochemical study showed both silicone oil droplets and macrophagic cells embedded in the epiretinal membrane. " 01/01/1992 - "In this study, the monoclonal antibody Ki-67 was used to screen 37 epiretinal membranes in PVR, PDR, macular pucker, and in recurrences after intraocular silicone oil tamponade for the presence of actively proliferating cells. " 10/01/2013 - "Silicone oil sequestration under epiretinal membrane." 09/01/2013 - "The authors have found small hyperreflective areas intraretinally, subretinally, and underneath epiretinal membranes on SD-OCT in eyes that have had silicone oil tamponade for a variety of indications. " 09/01/2013 - "These were thought to represent silicone oil droplets intraretinally or underneath epiretinal membranes, and one eye showed hyperreflective areas subretinally (retina detached). "
4.	Indocyanine Green (Cardio-Green)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2004 - "Indocyanine green-assisted internal limiting membrane removal in epiretinal membrane surgery: a clinical and histologic study." 01/01/2013 - "Internal limiting membrane in addition to the epiretinal membrane were successfully peeled and removed, with indocyanine green dye used to visualize the internal limiting membrane. " 10/01/2009 - "The use of intraoperative indocyanine green dye to assist in epiretinal membrane removal: a novel application of indocyanine green surgical use." 03/01/2009 - "Ultrastructural changes of the internal limiting membrane removed during indocyanine green assisted peeling versus conventional surgery for idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane." 03/01/2008 - "To develop an intraoperative, extraocular Indocyanine Green dye staining test (IE-ICG) for the differentiation of a peeled ILM from a thin epiretinal membrane, and to evaluate its efficacy. "
5.	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)IBA 06/01/2003 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of VEGF in vitreous, aqueous and epiretinal membranes of diabetic and non-diabetic patients, with other pathological conditions requiring surgical intervention. " 08/01/2015 - "To iatients with neovascular age-related macular degenernvestigate the role of epiretinal membrane (ERM) on outcomes of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in pation (nAMD). " 01/01/2012 - "To further investigate its role, we measure and compare the vitreous levels of Cyr61 and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with PDR and to localize Cyr61 expression in associated proliferative epiretinal membranes. " 01/01/2012 - "Epiretinal membranes of the PVR group showed negative staining of VEGF and HIF-1α. " 01/01/2011 - "The expressions of VEGF and apelin in the excised epiretinal membranes were examined by fluorescence immunostaining. "
6.	bevacizumabFDA Link 07/01/2014 - "To assess efficacy of membrane peeling combined with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in the treatment of macular epiretinal membrane. " 07/01/2014 - "[Membrane peeling combined with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for treatment of macular epiretinal membrane: analysis of 33 cases]." 01/01/2013 - "The condition that exclude patients from bevacizumab treatment is horizontal (epiretinal membrane), and vertical traction revealed in spectral optical coherence tomography." 06/01/2011 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of intravitreal bevacizumab (ivBe) injection in patients with persistent macular edema after macular epiretinal membrane (ERM) removal. " 07/01/2014 - "All the patients underwent standard three-port vitrectomy and peeling of epiretinal membrane, with intravitreal injection of 1.5 mg bevacizumab at the end of operation in IVB group. "
7.	Transforming Growth Factors (Transforming Growth Factor)IBA 08/01/2015 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate expression of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) in epiretinal membranes from patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and to investigate effects of inhibition of MeCP2 and DNA methylation on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell transdifferentiation. " 02/01/2012 - "The PVR/tacrolimus group demonstrated significantly decreased levels of transforming growth factor-β, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor when compared with the PVR/saline group and also demonstrated significant improvement in epiretinal membrane formation and retinal fold in the presence of histopathologic levels. "
8.	Coloring Agents (Dyes)IBA 01/01/2013 - "The visualization of epiretinal membranes stained with vital dyes can be enhanced by an individual adjustment of the applied light. " 06/01/2012 - "Currently, the border of idiopathic epiretinal membranes (iERM) is outlined intraoperatively using vital dyes. " 02/01/2010 - "To evaluate the ability of novel dyes to stain lens capsule (LC), internal limiting membrane (ILM), epiretinal membrane (ERM), and vitreous. " 07/01/2007 - "By using dyes, it is easier to identify the extent of an epiretinal membrane (ERM) or the inner limiting membrane (ILM) during surgery. " 11/01/2006 - "The introduction of vital dyes for ILM staining has led to better visibility of the ILM and epiretinal membranes, potentially making ILM peeling more controllable, easier and safer. "
9.	Infracyanine greenIBA 11/01/2008 - "To evaluate the use of infracyanine green (IFCG) staining in idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) surgery. " 11/01/2002 - "Intravitreal infracyanine green is very helpful for the removal of internal limiting membrane in macular holes and epiretinal membrane surgery." 03/01/2010 - "A prospective, randomized clinical trial including 30 eyes of 30 patients with either full-thickness macular hole or idiopathic epiretinal membrane were included and randomized 1:1 to receive either membrane blue or infracyanine green during vitreoretinal surgery. " 02/01/2008 - "The aim therefore was to ascertain whether central an assessment of the central visual field afforded a closer insight into visual function after removal of epiretinal membranes and Infracyanine-Green- or Trypan-Blue-assisted peeling of the inner limiting membrane. " 07/01/2007 - "Heavy trypan blue staining of epiretinal membranes: an alternative to infracyanine green."
10.	Platelet-Derived Growth FactorIBA 09/01/2000 - "To investigate the ultrastructural distribution of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) and their receptors in epiretinal membranes (ERM) and discuss the clinical significance of the distribution. " 09/01/2000 - "[Electron-immunostaining characteristics of platelet-derived growth factor, transforming growth factor beta1 and their receptors in epiretinal membranes]." 03/01/2009 - "Previous investigators reported that epiretinal membranes isolated from patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) express various platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family members and PDGF receptors (PDGFRs) (Cui, J.Z., Chiu, A., Maberley, D., Ma, P., Samad, A., Matsubara, J.A., 2007. " 01/01/2009 - "To determine whether there is a difference in protein levels of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) between diabetic and non-diabetic epiretinal membranes (ERMs). " 02/01/2012 - "The PVR/tacrolimus group demonstrated significantly decreased levels of transforming growth factor-β, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor when compared with the PVR/saline group and also demonstrated significant improvement in epiretinal membrane formation and retinal fold in the presence of histopathologic levels. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Vitrectomy 11/01/1979 - "Despite such risks, and that the best postoperative visual acuity achieved was 6/9 (20/30), the use of vitrectomy methods in removal of epiretinal membranes in selected cases of macular pucker can provide significant improvement in vision." 04/01/1979 - "Despite such risks, and the fact that the best postoperative visual acuity achieved was 20/30, use of vitrectomy methods to remove epiretinal membranes can provide significant visual improvement in selected cases." 01/01/1979 - "Despite such risks, and the fact that the best postoperative acuity achieved was 20/40, the use of vitrectomy methods in removal of epiretinal membranes in selected cases of macular pucker can provide significant improvement in vision." 10/01/2013 - "Currently, pars plana vitrectomy with induction of PVD, peeling of epiretinal membranes and the ILM represents an effective and safe treatment option for these conditions. " 09/01/2009 - "Twenty-three-gauge sutureless transconjunctival vitrectomy is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of idiopathic macular epiretinal membranes. "
2.	Traction 01/01/1981 - "Traction detachment and contracted epiretinal membranes associated with significant visual loss are treated by vitreous surgery; an effective treatment for macular heterotopia has not been demonstrated." 10/01/2008 - "Selection of patients for surgery on the basis of OCT partial vitreomacular separation or clinical signs of traction such as an epiretinal membrane or taut thickened hyaloid has been reported to be associated with a modest improvement in prospective studies but this has not been subjected to controlled study. " 01/01/1990 - "The median visual acuity for patients with epiretinal membrane and vitreomacular traction syndrome improved from 20/200 preoperatively to 20/70 and 20/50 postoperatively. " 10/01/2014 - "Vitreopapillary traction in eyes with idiopathic epiretinal membrane: a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography study." 02/01/2005 - "Eyes with epiretinal membrane or vitreo-macular traction were not included in the study. "
3.	Vitreoretinal Surgery 08/01/2015 - "THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF OPHTHALMOLOGISTS' NATIONAL OPHTHALMOLOGY DATABASE STUDY OF VITREORETINAL SURGERY: Report 4, Epiretinal Membrane." 05/01/2014 - "To correlate clinical and pathologic findings in vitreoretinal surgeries with epiretinal membrane (ERM) and internal limiting membrane (ILM) peels. " 04/01/2014 - "Adequate visualization and identification of the posterior hyaloid, epiretinal membranes and the internal limiting membrane are of paramount importance in modern vitreoretinal surgery. " 03/01/2010 - "Vital stains are used in vitreoretinal surgery to perform peeling of the internal limiting membrane and idiopathic epiretinal membrane. " 05/01/2009 - "Patients with idiopathic epiretinal membranes (ERMs) were examined before and after vitreoretinal surgery. "
4.	Surgical Instruments (Clip) 05/01/2007 - "TA improved the intraoperative visualization of the epiretinal membrane (ERM), allowing it to be easily removed together with the partially internal limiting membrane (ILM) using micro forceps. " 01/01/2013 - "The 25 gauge microsurgical forceps exerted the greatest mechanical stress over our simulated epiretinal membrane model and required more attempts to create a surgical suitable flap. " 01/01/2013 - "To assess the peeling forces exerted by different calibers of microsurgical forceps on an experimental model of epiretinal membrane. " 01/01/2010 - "The epiretinal membrane was removed with serrated forceps. " 03/01/2003 - "We cut the internal limiting membrane, grasped it, and peeled off the internal limiting membrane underlying the epiretinal membranes using vitreoretinal forceps. "
5.	Intravitreal Injections 07/01/2014 - "To assess efficacy of membrane peeling combined with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in the treatment of macular epiretinal membrane. " 11/01/2015 - "Retrospective analysis of CME resolution, CME recurrence rate and monthly course of central retinal thickness (CRT), retinal volume (RV) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after intravitreal injection with respect to the VMI configuration on spectral-domain OCT using chi-squared test and repeated measures anova adjusted for confounding covariates epiretinal membrane, administered drug and subretinal fluid. " 07/01/2014 - "[Membrane peeling combined with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for treatment of macular epiretinal membrane: analysis of 33 cases]." 04/01/2013 - "A retrospective cohort study on a consecutive series of ranibizumab intravitreal injections for epiretinal membranes was performed. " 07/01/2014 - "All the patients underwent standard three-port vitrectomy and peeling of epiretinal membrane, with intravitreal injection of 1.5 mg bevacizumab at the end of operation in IVB group. "