Capillary Leak Syndrome

A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.

Also Known As:

Networked: 232 relevant articles (6 outcomes, 13 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Shock
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Infection
4.	Vasculitis (Vasculitides)
5.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)

Experts

1.	Nelson, Celeste: 3 articles (01/2015 - 01/2015)
2.	Xie, Zhihui: 3 articles (01/2015 - 01/2015)
3.	Druey, Kirk M: 3 articles (01/2015 - 01/2015)
4.	Long, Lauren M: 3 articles (01/2015 - 01/2015)
5.	Sek, Albert C: 2 articles (01/2015 - 01/2015)
6.	Terai, Kaoru: 2 articles (01/2015 - 01/2015)
7.	Dudek, Arkadiusz Z: 2 articles (01/2015 - 01/2015)
8.	Shin, Jae Il: 2 articles (01/2012 - 02/2009)
9.	Yu, Alice L: 2 articles (09/2010 - 01/2009)
10.	Matthay, Katherine K: 2 articles (09/2010 - 01/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Capillary Leak Syndrome:

1.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 07/01/2008 - "Intravenous immunoglobulins were effective against systemic capillary leak syndrome symptoms in three patients, but their exact mechanism remains unknown. " 07/01/2008 - "The objective of this study was to report the dramatic improvement of patients with systemic capillary leak syndrome obtained with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins. " 04/22/2014 - "[Use of intravenous immunoglobulins in a patient with systemic capillary leak syndrome]." 04/01/2012 - "Successful treatment of systemic capillary leak syndrome with intravenous immunoglobulins." 01/01/2011 - "High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins: a promising therapeutic approach for idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome."
2.	Nitric Oxide (Nitrogen Monoxide)FDA Link 04/01/2000 - "The common mechanism for IL-2-induced multiorgan dysfunction appears to be a capillary leak syndrome directly mediated by local production of nitric oxide by cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. " 01/01/1997 - "Previously, we showed that nitric oxide (NO) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of IL-2-induced capillary leak syndrome in healthy or mammary adenocarcinoma-bearing C3H/HeJ mice. " 11/01/1995 - "NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, ameliorates interleukin-2-induced capillary leak syndrome in healthy mice." 03/01/1998 - "Role of nitric oxide in IL-2 therapy-induced capillary leak syndrome." 10/01/2001 - "Clinical application of interleukin (IL)-2-based immunotherapy of cancer has been limited by a major side-effect known as 'capillary leak syndrome', resulting from nitric oxide (NO) overproduction. "
3.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 10/01/1999 - "Treatment with corticosteroids should be considered for prevention of attacks in the systemic capillary leak syndrome." 07/01/2000 - "This case suggests that corticoids may be useful in the management of neoplasm induced capillary leak syndrome." 10/01/2009 - "Cure of gemcitabine-induced systemic capillary leak syndrome without corticosteroids." 01/01/2002 - "Denileukin diftitox is associated with capillary leak syndrome in 20 to 30% of patients, which may be ameliorated by hydration and corticosteroids. "
4.	NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME)IBA 11/01/1995 - "NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, ameliorates interleukin-2-induced capillary leak syndrome in healthy mice."
5.	Ofloxacin (Levofloxacin)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2002 - "We report a case of serious systemic CP infection with capillary leak syndrome and cutaneus vasculitis who was treated successfully with levofloxacin."
6.	Peptide Hydrolases (Proteases)IBA 12/01/1999 - "Clinical situations with release of proteinases from blood cells or tissues into the circulation may result in a marked decrease of blood proteinase inhibitor content which in turn may result in a capillary leak syndrome, shock and even in exitus letalis. "
7.	Interleukin-2 (IL2)IBA 07/01/1996 - "The severe side effects usually associated with classical lymphokine-activated killer therapy in association with high doses of interleukin 2, such as "capillary leak syndrome," were absent in this study. " 09/01/2008 - "Capillary leak syndrome has been associated with IL-2 therapy and many of its cardiac and noncardiac toxicities. " 09/01/2001 - "The main adverse effect of IL-2 is capillary leak syndrome caused by increased capillary permeability and extravasation of fluid. " 06/01/1999 - "Treatment with intravenous recombinant human interleukin-2 (rh IL-2) is frequently accompanied by the capillary leak syndrome and disturbances of the coagulation system. " 03/01/1998 - "We tested the hypothesis that 'capillary leak syndrome' following systemic interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy resulted from a cascade of events leading to the induction of NO which, directly or indirectly, injured capillaries and caused fluid leakage. "
8.	Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)IBA 02/01/2005 - "The study purpose was to report the first case of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced capillary leak syndrome (CLS) in which serial extravascular lung water (EVLW) measurements were performed and to compare this case with previously reported cases. " 04/01/2012 - "[Capillary leak syndrome (CLS) induced by G-CSF: 3 cases report and literature review]." 01/01/2011 - "Systemic capillary leak syndrome caused by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor." 01/01/2011 - "A case of idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome with high serum levels of G-CSF on exacerbation." 02/01/2005 - "Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced capillary leak syndrome confirmed by extravascular lung water measurements."
9.	gemcitabineFDA Link 03/01/2009 - "Systemic administration of gemcitabine was accomplished in 93%; however, 1 patient died of serious capillary leak syndrome. " 12/01/2007 - "Rare cases of gemcitabine-associated systemic capillary leak syndrome have been reported. " 02/01/2006 - "Gemcitabine-induced chronic systemic capillary leak syndrome: a life-threatening disease." 11/01/2001 - "Gemcitabine-induced systemic capillary leak syndrome." 12/01/2007 - "Here, we present two cases of capillary-leak syndrome in patients with pancreatic cancer treated with gemcitabine."
10.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 01/01/2015 - "A prospective, randomized trial may be necessary to fully assess the benefits of intravenous immunoglobulin for systemic capillary leak syndrome and to determine the optimal dosage and duration of therapy." 01/01/2015 - "Intravenous immunoglobulin prophylaxis is associated with a dramatic reduction in the occurrence of systemic capillary leak syndrome attacks in most patients, with minimal side effects. " 01/01/2015 - "We evaluated intravenous immunoglobulin prophylactic therapy in a cohort of 29 patients with systemic capillary leak syndrome in a longitudinal follow-up study. " 03/01/2014 - "Intravenous immunoglobulin in systemic capillary leak syndrome: a case report and review of literature." 06/01/2010 - "Immunoglobulins for treatment of systemic capillary leak syndrome."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) 03/01/1977 - "The best results have been obtained in newborn cases and the adult capillary leak syndromes; the major problem has been progression to fibrosis despite ECMO support. " 11/01/2000 - "An inflammatory response and a capillary leak syndrome frequently develop during the treatment of neonatal respiratory failure by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). " 06/01/1996 - "Progressive hypotension as a result of capillary leak syndrome precluded further ECMO support in the other 3 patients. "
2.	Cardiopulmonary Bypass (Heart-Lung Bypass) 08/13/2005 - "Capillary leak syndrome in children with C4A-deficiency undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: a double-blind, randomised controlled study." 08/01/2013 - "As an inflammatory reaction after cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), capillary leak syndrome (CLS) is associated with increased morbidity, especially in newborns and infants. " 08/01/2013 - "Early prediction of capillary leak syndrome in infants after cardiopulmonary bypass." 09/01/2010 - "Its low priming volume and blood contact surface may significantly reduce known complications related to cardiopulmonary bypass in neonates (e.g., inflammatory reaction and capillary leak syndrome)." 08/13/2005 - "Capillary leak syndrome is a life-threatening complication after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), with an incidence of about 4-37% in children worldwide. "
3.	General Anesthesia 06/01/2014 - "Systemic capillary leak syndrome under general anesthesia: a case report." 01/01/2008 - "Acute pulmonary capillary leak syndrome during elective surgery under general anesthesia." 11/01/2015 - "The aim of this study was to review the relative risks, benefits, and anesthetic considerations of neuraxial, regional, and general anesthesia in a patient with known systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) who presents for elective total knee replacement. "
4.	Knee Replacement Arthroplasty (Total Knee Replacement) 11/01/2015 - "The aim of this study was to review the relative risks, benefits, and anesthetic considerations of neuraxial, regional, and general anesthesia in a patient with known systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) who presents for elective total knee replacement. "
5.	Critical Care 01/01/2013 - "The patients with severe post-trauma capillary leak syndrome (PTCLS) admitted to department of critical care medicine of the Fifth Center Hospital in Tianjin were considered as study object. "