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Chromosome Breakage

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A type of chromosomal aberration involving DNA BREAKS. Chromosome breakage can result in CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; or SEQUENCE DELETION.

Also Known As:

Chromosomal Breakage; Chromosomal Breaks; Chromosome Breaks; Break, Chromosomal; Break, Chromosome; Breakage, Chromosomal; Breakage, Chromosome; Breakages, Chromosomal; Breakages, Chromosome; Breaks, Chromosomal; Breaks, Chromosome; Chromosomal Break; Chromosomal Breakages; Chromosome Break; Chromosome Breakages

Networked: 1178 relevant articles (21 outcomes, 69 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Chromosome Aberrations (Chromosome Abnormalities)
2.	Hypersensitivity (Allergy)
3.	Fanconi Anemia (Fanconi's Anemia)
4.	Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma (Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung)
5.	Aneuploidy (Aneuploid)

Experts

1.	Fenech, Michael: 15 articles (09/2012 - 03/2003)
2.	Joenje, Hans: 9 articles (01/2012 - 02/2002)
3.	Zhang, Zunzhen: 7 articles (04/2015 - 05/2008)
4.	Takeda, Shunichi: 7 articles (07/2013 - 05/2004)
5.	Ramsden, Dale A: 6 articles (12/2012 - 09/2004)
6.	Oostra, Anneke B: 6 articles (01/2012 - 02/2002)
7.	Thomas, Philip: 6 articles (01/2011 - 03/2003)
8.	Olson, Susan B: 5 articles (01/2014 - 05/2004)
9.	Wu, Mei: 5 articles (06/2012 - 05/2008)
10.	Okayasu, Ryuichi: 5 articles (03/2008 - 11/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Chromosome Breakage:

1.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 06/01/2000 - "Chromosome breakage sequences (Cbs) that determine the sites of breakage and short regions of DNA adjacent to them are also eliminated. " 01/01/2012 - "In contrast, studies in bacteria and yeast reveal that DNA synthesis associated with repair of double-strand chromosomal breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination is highly inaccurate, thus making DSBs and their repair an important source of mutations. " 05/18/2011 - "Presented here are the results of an evaluation trial in which the bone-marrow and peripheral blood (via MicroFlow(®) flow cytometry) micronucleus tests (looking at potential chromosome breakage and whole chromosome loss) in developing erythrocytes or young reticulocytes were combined with the Comet assay (measuring DNA strand-breakage), in stomach, liver and blood lymphocytes. " 06/01/2009 - "Screening of inborn errors, karyotyping, chromosomal breakage rates and DNA mutational studies with direct sequencing of LMNA, ERCC8 and ZMPSTE24 genes were also performed. " 05/15/2006 - "The beneficial effects of LA were monitored by DNA strand breaks, chromosomal aberrations, micronucleus assay and apoptotic studies in the bone marrow cells of rats after 24 h following single dose of ADR treatment. "
2.	Alkylating AgentsIBA 01/01/2008 - "Treatment of these complications with radiation and alkylating agents may enhance chromosomal breakage. " 08/01/2001 - "The diagnosis is based on an abnormal increase of spontaneous chromosome breakage, more specifically on a clear-cut increase of chromosome breakage in the presence of bifunctional alkylating agents. " 01/01/2000 - "Increased frequency of dicentric chromosomes in therapy-related MDS and AML compared to de novo disease is significantly related to previous treatment with alkylating agents and suggests a specific susceptibility to chromosome breakage at the centromere." 02/18/1982 - "Cytogenic lymphocyte analysis shows an abnormal tendency to chromosomal breakage which is increased after incubation with alkylating agents. " 02/18/1982 - "Cytogenic lymphocyte analysis shows an abnormal tendency to chromosomal breakage which is increased after incubation with alkylating agents. "
3.	9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA)IBA 08/18/1999 - "It was suggested that DMBA induced gene mutation is fixed in stem cells depending on cell proliferation while DNA damages responsible for chromosome breakage are not transmitted to progeny cells." 07/01/1994 - "Unlike human oral cancers where chromosome breaks have been shown, this is only infrequently observed in DMBA-treated hamster oral keratinocytes. " 08/15/1988 - "Juvenile LE rats are very sensitive to the induction of leukemia and chromosomal breaks by intravenous DMBA injection. " 06/01/1984 - "Corn oil and its minor constituents as inhibitors of DMBA-induced chromosomal breaks in vivo." 12/01/1983 - "Caffeic acid as an inhibitor of DMBA-induced chromosomal breakage in mice assessed by bone-marrow micronucleus test."
4.	Mitomycin (Mitomycin-C)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2013 - "Chromosomal breakage studies using clastogenic agent mitomycin C showed 88% stress induced chromosomal/chromatid breaks, gaps and rearrangements revealing an underlying FA. " 02/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) and mitomycin C-induced chromosomal breakage in children with FA. " 01/01/2011 - "The diagnosis of FA was established on the basis of induced chromosomal breakage study with mitomycin C." 01/01/2008 - "We have carried out chromosomal breakage study from peripheral blood cultures induced with mitomycin C, in karyotypically normal MDS (49) and 15 (30.6%) showed significant (p < 0.001) increase in chromosome damage compared to controls. " 07/01/2014 - "Cytogenetic analysis revealed mitomycin C (MMC)-induced chromosomal breakage; however, an additional sister chromatid cohesion defect was also observed. "
5.	erythritol anhydride (butanedione)IBA 05/01/1982 - "During the present remission her cultured lymphocytes, bone marrow cells, and fibroblasts showed increased "spontaneous" chromosome breakage as well as enhanced sensitivity to the clastogenic effect of the difunctional alkylating agent diepoxybutane (DEB), features characteristic of FA. " 07/31/2009 - "Although this highly variable phenotype makes accurate diagnosis on the basis of clinical manifestations difficult in some patients, laboratory study of chromosomal breakage induced by diepoxybutane (DEB) or other crosslinking agents provides a unique cellular marker for the diagnosis of the disorder either prenatally or postnatally. " 04/01/1992 - "There was no evidence for increased baseline or diepoxybutane (DEB)-induced chromosomal breakage in either twin when the studies were repeated in Denver as well as in New York. " 12/01/2010 - "Normal red blood cells partially decrease diepoxybutane-induced chromosome breakage in cultured lymphocytes from Fanconi anaemia patients." 05/01/2010 - "For the stimulation of chromosomal breakages, diepoxybutane was used (DEB test). "
6.	A-Form DNA (A-DNA)IBA 01/01/2010 - "A chromosomal breakage test using a DNA cross-linking agent, in which cells from an FA patient typically exhibit an extraordinarily sensitive response, has been considered the gold standard for the ultimate diagnosis of FA. " 04/01/1983 - "Although a DNA repair defect is postulated as a possible primary defect, cytogenetic studies revealed no evidence of increased chromosomal breakage." 11/10/2012 - "If the T-rs4820804 allele predisposes a DNA fragment to breakage, homozygotes (TT-rs4820804) would have double the chance of having a chromosome break, increasing the chances for a translocation to occur. " 11/01/2005 - "Both had apparently normal chromosomes; however, the Lybian infant had slightly increased induced chromosome breakage suggesting that this rare multiple congenital anomalies syndrome may involve a DNA repair defect. " 04/01/2004 - "The CBMN assay coupled with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a DNA probe for centromere detection was performed to discriminate between clastogenic (chromosome breakage) and aneugenic (chromosome loss) effects. "
7.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)IBA 07/01/2002 - "The Fanconi anaemia (FA) nuclear complex (composed of the FA proteins A, C, G and F) is essential for protection against chromosome breakage. " 06/01/1996 - "Recent studies on the chromosome structure of Plasmodium falciparum have led to two observations: chromosome breakage occurs frequently in subtelomeric regions and the genes coding for a number of immunodominant parasite proteins are located in these fragile chromosomal segments. " 08/01/2015 - "Binding of Multiple Rap1 Proteins Stimulates Chromosome Breakage Induction during DNA Replication." 11/01/2013 - "Surprisingly, Arabidopsis thaliana mutants of topoisomerase 3α and RMI1 are also sterile due to extensive chromosome breakage in meiosis I, indicating that both proteins are essential for meiotic recombination in plants. " 04/01/2012 - "These data identify fork reversal as a means to prevent chromosome breakage upon exogenous replication stress and implicate proteins involved in fork reversal or restart as factors modulating the cytotoxicity of replication stress-inducing chemotherapeutics."
8.	HeterochromatinIBA 12/01/1994 - "Clustering of terminal deletions in the long arms of X chromosomes, which are entirely occupied by heterochromatin, suggests that chromosomal repair mechanisms responsible for rejoining of chromosomal breaks are less effective in heterochromatic than in other genomic regions." 08/01/2002 - "Then we monitored appearance of micronuclei during the passages since they are indicative of heterochromatin decondensation or chromosome breakage. " 01/01/2000 - "The loss of heterochromatin did not result in chromosome breakage, suggesting that heterochromatin may not be an integral part of chromosome structure, but rather a surface feature or covering." 01/01/1998 - "Using this FISH technique, significant nonlinear increases in hyperdiploidy were observed with both compounds, whereas no induction of chromosomal breakage affecting the pericentric heterochromatin regions of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 could be detected. " 01/01/1992 - "Chromosomal breakage following treatment of CHO-K1 cells in vitro with U-68,553B is due to induction of undercondensation of heterochromatin."
9.	DNA AdductsIBA 08/02/2011 - "Active cigarette smoking increases oxidative damage, DNA adducts, DNA strand breaks, chromosomal aberrations, and heritable mutations in sperm. " 03/01/2013 - "In these studies, selenium supplementation has been shown to be beneficial in reducing the frequency of DNA adducts and chromosome breaks, consequentially reducing the likelihood of detrimental mutations that ultimately contribute to carcinogenesis. " 10/17/2011 - "The most abundant form of DNA damage induced by Cr(VI) is Cr-DNA adducts, which cause mutations and chromosomal breaks. " 05/01/2012 - "Supplementation of tissue culture media, animal or human diets with moderate levels of certain Se compounds may protect against the formation of DNA adducts, DNA or chromosome breakage, and chromosome gain or loss. " 01/01/2002 - "3-Methylindole (3MI), melatonin (Mel), serotonin (Ser), and tryptamine (Tryp) were evaluated in vitro for their potential to induce DNA adducts, DNA strand breaks, chromosomal aberrations (Abs), inhibition of DNA synthesis, and mutations. "
10.	SeleniumIBA 05/01/2010 - "Oral selenium supplementation has also been shown to decrease the number of chromosome breaks in BRCA1 mutation carriers. " 05/01/2005 - "The frequency of chromosome breaks was greatly reduced following 1 to 3 months of oral selenium supplementation (mean, 0.63 breaks per cell versus 0.40; P < 10(-10)). " 05/01/2005 - "The frequency of chromosome breaks was also measured in BRCA1 carriers following oral selenium supplementation. " 05/01/2005 - "Increased rates of chromosome breakage in BRCA1 carriers are normalized by oral selenium supplementation." 05/01/2010 - "Because the predisposition to cancer among BRCA1 mutation carriers may be linked to high rates of DNA damage and chromosome breakage, we evaluated the association between toenail selenium concentrations and three measures of DNA repair capacity (the single-cell alkaline gel electrophoresis (comet) assay, the micronucleus test, and the enumeration of gamma-H2AX nuclear foci) in female BRCA1 mutation carriers and in non-carriers. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Oral Administration 07/01/1990 - "Oral administration of Phyllanthus fruit extract (PFE) for 7 days before exposure to both metals by intraperitoneal injection increased the frequency of cell division and reduced the frequency of chromosome breaks significantly. " 08/08/1996 - "On the other hand, chlorophyll, both as an aqueous extract from the leaf and in a purified commercial form, induced a significantly high frequency of chromosome breaks in bone marrow cells of mice on oral administration. "
2.	Intraperitoneal Injections 07/01/1990 - "Oral administration of Phyllanthus fruit extract (PFE) for 7 days before exposure to both metals by intraperitoneal injection increased the frequency of cell division and reduced the frequency of chromosome breaks significantly. "
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 08/21/2000 - "A highly significant 3.4-fold increase in the frequency of chromosome breaks was observed 1 week after treatment with a similar representation of all chromosomes analysed. " 11/01/1993 - "We tested further the notion of independence by measuring rejoining of interphase chromosome breaks sensitive to hypertonic treatment in the presence of 1 mM beta-araA, and vice versa, rejoining of interphase chromosome breaks sensitive to beta-araA during and after treatment in hypertonic medium (500 mM NaCl, 20 min); under both sets of conditions each treatment caused maximal expression of prematurely condensed chromosome breaks responding sensitively to it when given immediately after irradiation. " 08/01/1993 - "A class of interphase chromosome breaks was visualized in irradiated (10 Gy) plateau-phase CHO cells after treatment (2-30 min) in hypertonic (500 mM NaCl) growth medium during the period normally allowed for chromosome condensation, in the premature chromosome condensation (PCC) assay. " 01/01/1980 - "After treatment, chromosome alterations were twice as frequent, and chromosome breaks showed the highest percentage increment. " 11/24/1978 - "A series of 12 PEs is presented in this paper, discovered in metaphases from healthy individuals, and in patients with or without chromosome-breakage syndrome and after treatment with chromosome-breaking agents. "
4.	Radiotherapy 12/01/2006 - "These outliers with higher chromosomal breakage rates suggest a unique class of hypersensitive individuals that are susceptible to chromosomal damage and may be directly associated with an increased risk to suffer from radiotherapy-related complications." 10/01/1998 - "The frequency of chromosomal breaks/mitosis in the unirradiated control lymphocytes was 0.020 +/- 0.015 in prospective patients who had not yet received radiotherapy. " 01/01/1987 - "It was found that gamma rays induced only micronuclei resulting from chromosome breaks, whose frequency increased linearly with the applied dose, and was lowered to the initial background level 7-12 days after the end of radiotherapy." 08/01/2001 - "It is likely that multiple chromosome breaks were induced through mutagens used in chemo/ radiotherapy, and are associated with a sub-group of patients with an extremely bad prognosis." 11/01/1996 - "Fludarabine, an effective repair inhibitor of radiation-induced chromosome breaks, and indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, were shown previously to improve the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy for murine tumors. "
5.	Ligation 01/01/2012 - "Chromosome breaks often have complex or "dirty" end structures that can interfere with the critical ligation step in this pathway; we review here how Nonhomologous end joining resolves such breaks." 06/01/2006 - "They are thought to occur as a result of chromosome breakage and subsequent ligation with the telomeric sequence of a different chromosome. " 01/01/1998 - "In subject 2, deletion interval 5, distal to 5B, was missing in addition to intervals 6 and 7. The most likely explanation for the ring formation in these subjects is a chromosomal break in the long arm and in the pseudoautosomal region of the short arm distal to MIC2 with subsequent ligation of the remaining sequences on the long arm and short arm. " 04/01/1993 - "With cells from the other chromosome breakage/instability syndromes we also found a hypermutable and/or reduced DNA ligation. "