Port-Wine Stain (Nevus Flammeus)

A vascular malformation of developmental origin characterized pathologically by ectasia of superficial dermal capillaries, and clinically by persistent macular erythema. In the past, port wine stains have frequently been termed capillary hemangiomas, which they are not; unfortunately this confusing practice persists: HEMANGIOMA, CAPILLARY is neoplastic, a port-wine stain is non-neoplastic. Port-wine stains vary in color from fairly pale pink to deep red or purple and in size from a few millimeters to many centimeters in diameter. The face is the most frequently affected site and they are most often unilateral. (From Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 5th ed, p483)

Also Known As:

Networked: 684 relevant articles (86 outcomes, 62 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hemangioma (Angioma)
2.	Cicatrix (Scar)
3.	Telangiectasis (Telangiectasia)
4.	Vascular Malformations
5.	Pain (Aches)

Experts

1.	Nelson, J Stuart: 39 articles (08/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Gu, Ying: 20 articles (06/2014 - 06/2007)
3.	Choi, Bernard: 17 articles (10/2015 - 06/2003)
4.	Kelly, Kristen M: 14 articles (10/2015 - 01/2002)
5.	Wang, Ying: 13 articles (06/2014 - 06/2008)
6.	Huang, Naiyan: 10 articles (06/2014 - 06/2008)
7.	Aguilar, Guillermo: 10 articles (02/2012 - 01/2002)
8.	Qiu, Haixia: 9 articles (06/2014 - 06/2008)
9.	Kono, Taro: 9 articles (03/2009 - 07/2002)
10.	Nelson, J S: 8 articles (03/2015 - 01/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Port-Wine Stain:

1.	ArgonIBA 04/01/1985 - "Argon laser therapy appears to be most effective for purple port wine stains on the faces of adults and telangiectatic lesions involving the nose and forehead. " 07/01/1990 - "International standard of argon laser therapy of port wine stains are 60 to 70% good results in adult patients afflicted with red and purple lesions. " 09/01/1986 - "Although the blue-green argon laser light has been used successfully to treat port-wine stains (PWSs) for many years, it produces substantial epidermal damage. " 11/01/1985 - "Argon laser therapy is effective for removing port-wine stains and for reducing cutaneous vascular and pigmented lesions. " 01/01/1995 - "In the present study we report our findings from skin biopsies in patients treated for port-wine stains with argon and CO2 lasers. "
2.	1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene (PDT)IBA 11/01/2011 - "[The change of reflection spectra and fluorescence spectra of port wine stains during PDT]." 09/01/2007 - "What is the optimal PDT protocol for treating port wine stains (PWS)?" 03/01/2007 - "The pink port wine stains revealed better response to Gu's PDT with only one session. " 06/01/2006 - "Our results suggest that PDT and PDT/PDL should be evaluated as alternative therapeutic options for treatment of hypervascular skin lesions including port wine stain birthmarks." 05/01/2013 - "Methods for quantitatively evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for port-wine stains (PWS) are still needed for clinical practice and studies. "
3.	EMLAFDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1993 - "In this prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of EMLA, 73 children (35 boys and 38 girls) ranging in age from 5 to 16 years with port-wine stains were treated. " 11/01/1990 - "Effect of the topical anesthetic EMLA on the efficacy of pulsed dye laser treatment of port-wine stains." 01/01/1994 - "Over 20 months, we have treated 74 patients (59 children less than 12 years of age) with port-wine stains (PWS) using a 585-nm flashlamp-pulsed dye laser (SPTL-1, Candela Corp., Wayland, Mass., USA) after topical anesthesia with Emla cream. " 05/01/1993 - "EMLA is clearly effective in reducing or eliminating pain associated with laser treatment of port-wine stains in children." 09/01/1999 - "In the pediatric population EMLA has been shown to be efficacious when it is used prior to venipuncture, cannulation, lumbar puncture, laser treatment of port wine stains, curettage of molluscum contagiosum or vaccination. "
4.	glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate (Vessel)IBA 11/01/2011 - "Our review aims to summarize therapy options of port-wine stains, depending on treatment area, patient age, and vessel architecture. " 06/01/2008 - "Vessel heterogeneity may require changing pulse durations once a port-wine stain or a portion of a port-wine stain becomes refractory to given pulse-duration." 11/01/1995 - "Biopsy specimens were obtained from four of the five subjects to examine the nature and extent of vessel damage and to measure the port-wine stain vessel diameters. " 05/01/1995 - "The results showed that in superficial port wine stain vessels up to 150 microns in diameter, vessel coagulation was complete and selective without further dermal damage. " 07/01/1994 - "Our findings suggest that the abnormal vessel pathologic findings in port-wine stains are not due to defects associated with the endothelium. "
5.	Hemoglobins (Hemoglobin)IBA 10/01/2015 - "Previous studies suggest that IPL can be more effective in treatment of port wine stain by utilizing multiple wavelengths to selectively target different peaks in oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin. " 07/01/2004 - "The treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions (port wine stains etc.) using lasers has been guided by theories based on the "cold" or room-temperature optical properties of the hemoglobin target chromophore. " 10/01/1985 - "The argon laser, which has been proven both useful and safe for port-wine stain therapy, interacts with the hemoglobin of the vessels. " 02/01/1982 - "Twenty-three patients with facial port wine stains were studied to determine whether chilling lesional skin at the time of treatment could improve the outcome of argon laser therapy and whether this effect could be attributed to increased hemoglobin content of chilled sites, as hypothesized on clinical grounds. "
6.	latanoprost (Xalatan)FDA Link 09/01/2003 - "To evaluate the efficacy of latanoprost (Xalatan) as adjunctive therapy in port wine stain related paediatric glaucoma. " 09/01/2003 - "A trial of latanoprost as adjunctive therapy in patients with port wine stain related glaucoma may temporise the need for surgery; with 50% of patients being controlled at 1 year follow up. " 09/01/2003 - "Latanoprost in port wine stain related paediatric glaucoma."
7.	CollagenIBA 12/01/2003 - "Because of its low fluence and its shorter pulse duration, the 585 nm collagen remodelling pulsed dye laser has limited efficacy for the treatment of port wine stains. " 06/01/2003 - "Increasing radiant exposure offers a means to increase treatment efficacy during laser-mediated treatment of vascular lesions, such as port-wine stains; however, excessive radiant exposure decreases selective vascular injury due to increased heat generation within the epidermis and collateral damage to perivascular collagen. "
8.	Indocyanine Green (Cardio-Green)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2012 - "Indocyanine green-augmented diode laser treatment of port-wine stains: clinical and histological evidence for a new treatment option from a randomized controlled trial."
9.	alexandriteIBA 11/01/2015 - "In the case of port-wine stains, the pulsed dye laser is the agent of choice in the pediatric patient, while the Q-switched alexandrite may be more effective in the adult population. "
10.	bleomycetinIBA 05/01/1991 - "Bleomycin A5 was effective in all patients with strawberry and mixed hemangiomas, 91.2% of patients with cavernous hemangiomas, 44.4% of patients with port-wine stain. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Dye Lasers 12/01/2012 - "Pulsed dye laser (PDL) is the most effective treatment for port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks. " 01/01/1998 - "Port wine stains can be treated successfully with the dye laser in most cases. " 08/01/2014 - "Pulsed dye laser is effective for treating port-wine stains, although the optimal timing is controversial. " 04/01/2012 - "Pulsed dye laser (PDL) is the gold standard for treatment of port-wine stain (PWS) birthmarks but multiple treatments are required and complete resolution is often not achieved. " 09/01/2004 - "The pulsed dye laser is the treatment of choice for port-wine stains, with proven efficacy and low incidence of side-effects. "
2.	Lasers (Laser) 01/01/1999 - "The efficacy of laser treatment of port wine stains (PWS) has been shown to be highly dependent on patient-specific vasculature. " 08/01/2012 - "Complete clearance of port-wine stains (PWS) is difficult to achieve, mainly because of the resistance of small blood vessels to laser irradiation. " 01/01/2000 - "Higher laser fluences than currently used in therapy (5-10 J/cm(2)) are expected to result in more effective treatment of port wine stain (PWS) birthmarks. " 10/01/1987 - "This study has shown that laser treatment can offer a moderately effective treatment for port-wine stains. " 01/01/1991 - "New lasers and improved laser delivery systems have allowed for the safe and effective treatment of port-wine stains in patients of all ages. "
3.	Laser Therapy (Surgery, Laser) 11/01/2008 - "The objective of this study was to improve port wine stain (PWS) therapeutic outcome in response to laser therapy. " 08/01/2015 - "Intraoperative, real-time monitoring of blood flow dynamics associated with laser surgery of port wine stain birthmarks." 03/01/2015 - "Port-wine stain (PWS) is still a challenging condition for clinician to treat, because in the majority of cases, the stains are not lifted fully by treatment with laser therapy. " 02/01/2015 - "Given positive treatment effects, the laser therapy of port-wine stains is a method of selection. " 02/01/2013 - "Laser therapy of vascular lesions, such as port wine stains (PWS) or leg veins are still imperfect due to different diameters and depth of vessels in tissue. "
4.	Photochemotherapy (Photodynamic Therapy) 04/01/2015 - "Optimization of irradiance for photodynamic therapy of port-wine stain." 03/01/2014 - "Assessment of tissue perfusion changes in port wine stains after vascular targeted photodynamic therapy: a short-term follow-up study." 12/01/2013 - "Investigation of photodynamic therapy optimization for port wine stain using modulation of photosensitizer administration methods." 12/01/2011 - "Photodynamic therapy of port-wine stains: long-term efficacy and complication in Chinese patients." 11/01/2011 - "Twenty years of clinical experience with a new modality of vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy for port wine stains."
5.	Solid-State Lasers 12/01/2014 - "The long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser is effective for treating port-wine stain (PWS). " 07/01/2000 - "Nd:YAG laser is only partially effective for the treatment of port-wine stain in Chinese patients. " 02/01/2004 - "Evaluating the efficacy of treatment of resistant port-wine stains with variable-pulse 595-nm pulsed dye and 532-nm Nd:YAG lasers." 12/01/2014 - "Clinical analysis of port-wine stain in 130 Chinese patients treated by long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser." 11/01/2013 - "Long-pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser improves hypertrophic port-wine stains."