Gingival Overgrowth

Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)

Also Known As:

Networked: 632 relevant articles (26 outcomes, 169 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Gingivitis
2.	Hyperplasia
3.	Inflammation
4.	Chronic Periodontitis
5.	Periodontitis

Experts

1.	Atilla, Gül: 13 articles (09/2015 - 04/2003)
2.	Emingil, Gülnur: 10 articles (09/2015 - 06/2005)
3.	Thomason, J M: 10 articles (12/2007 - 04/2003)
4.	Seymour, R A: 8 articles (12/2007 - 04/2003)
5.	Gürkan, Ali: 7 articles (09/2015 - 08/2008)
6.	Afacan, Beral: 7 articles (03/2015 - 03/2008)
7.	Fu, Earl: 7 articles (01/2015 - 12/2005)
8.	Töz, Hüseyin: 6 articles (03/2015 - 03/2008)
9.	Fu, E: 6 articles (08/2012 - 11/2000)
10.	Bulut, Sule: 6 articles (12/2007 - 08/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Gingival Overgrowth:

1.	Cyclosporine (Ciclosporin)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2013 - "Etiological periodontal therapy is effective in reducing cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth, but a high variability among subjects has been observed. " 01/01/2008 - "Efficacy of AZM therapy in patients with gingival overgrowth induced by Cyclosporine A: a systematic review." 10/01/2015 - "The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on TGF-β/Smad3 signaling in rat gingival fibroblasts and to explore the mechanism of CsA induced gingival overgrowth. " 10/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical factors in relation to the cyclosporine A (CsA) induced gingival overgrowth (GO). " 06/01/2010 - "The aim of this study was to compare Hsp47 expression in normal gingival tissues and cyclosporine A-induced gingival overgrowth specimens and further explore the potential mechanisms that may lead to induction of Hsp47 expression. "
2.	Azithromycin (Zithromax)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2008 - "Mechanism of azithromycin treatment on gingival overgrowth." 02/01/2004 - "Therapy with azithromycin offers an effective alternative to the management of CyA-induced gingival overgrowth." 04/01/2012 - "This paper reviews the diverse properties of azithromycin and the clinical periodontal studies of its effects in both the treatment of periodontitis and in resolving drug-related gingival overgrowth. " 01/01/2007 - "Is oral azithromycin effective for the treatment of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth in epileptic patients?" 02/01/2004 - "The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of metronidazole and azithromycin in reducing CyA-induced gingival overgrowth. "
3.	Metronidazole (Metric)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2004 - "The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of metronidazole and azithromycin in reducing CyA-induced gingival overgrowth. " 03/01/2002 - "To evaluate the efficacy of metronidazole on cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth (GO), a prospective intra-subject double-blind longitudinal study was performed on six heart transplant patients with GO. " 02/01/2004 - "The mean degree of gingival overgrowth after treatment was different across all time intervals (p = 0.0049) showing azithromycin to be more effective than metronidazole. " 03/01/2002 - "Effectiveness of metronidazole gel on cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth in heart transplant patients." 01/01/2008 - "The systematic review revealed that a 5-day course of Azithromycin with Scaling and Root Planing reduces the degree of gingival overgrowth, while a 7-day course of metronidazole is only effective on concomitant bacterial over-infection. "
4.	Nifedipine (Adalat)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2011 - "The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of nifedipine-induced GO in Brazilian patients and the risk factors associated using a Clinical Index for Drug Induced Gingival Overgrowth (Clinical Index DIGO). " 02/01/2010 - "To investigate the effect of nifedipine(NIF) on transcription of bcl-2 in human gingival epithelial cells(HGECs) in vitro and to study the pathogenesis of epithelial thickening in drug-induced gingival overgrowth(DGO). " 12/01/2007 - "The present study showed that neither GCF nor plasma nifedipine levels appeared to be a risk factor for nifedipine-induced gingival overgrowth. " 12/01/2007 - "The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between plasma and gingival crevice fluid (GCF) nifedipine concentrations and the degree of gingival overgrowth in patients treated with nifedipine, and also to assess the correlations between clinical and pharmacological variables. " 07/01/2004 - "An immunohistochemical study was conducted to compare distributions of mast cell subpopulations in normal human gingiva and in gingival overgrowth induced by nifedipine and immunosuppressive medication. "
5.	ToothpastesIBA 06/01/2006 - "Gingival overgrowth index decreased significantly in the azithromycin-containing toothpaste group (from 1.1+/-0.56 to 0.51+/-0.47, P<.001); however, in the control group, this decrease was not significant (P=.22). " 06/01/2013 - "Azithromycin (AZI) in capsule and toothpaste form is an effective treatment for ciclosporin-associated gingival overgrowth (CsAGO) in humans. " 06/01/2006 - "This study examined the efficacy of local azithromycin, in the form of toothpaste, against cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth. " 06/01/2013 - "Evaluation of azithromycin in systemic and toothpaste forms for the treatment of ciclosporin-associated gingival overgrowth in dogs." 06/01/2006 - "Azithromycin-containing toothpaste is an effective, simple, and noninvasive treatment for cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth."
6.	Phenytoin (Dilantin)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2015 - "Findings suggest that statins may serve to prevent or attenuate phenytoin-induced human gingival overgrowth, although specific human studies are required." 01/01/2011 - "This paper aims to present the most relevant studies regarding the molecular, immune, and inflammatory aspects of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth." 12/01/2006 - "This study showed that plasma phenytoin level appeared to be a risk factor for phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth." 12/01/2006 - "This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between plasma and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) phenytoin concentrations and the degree of gingival overgrowth in patients with similar gingival and plaque indices and also to determine the risk factors for gingival enlargement. " 01/02/2004 - "The purpose of the present study was to see if CYP 2C polymorphisms might relate to the onset and severity of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth. "
7.	Tacrolimus (Prograf)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2000 - "Non-surgical periodontal treatment was effective in reducing established gingival overgrowth in both CsA and FK506 patients (p < 0.05). " 01/27/2008 - "The results from reports analyzing the occurrence of gingival overgrowth (GO) induced by tacrolimus are controversial. " 01/01/2008 - "After 60 and 120 days of treatment with tacrolimus, gingival overgrowth was not observed. " 09/01/2005 - "The severity of gingival overgrowth seen in patients taking FK-506 is less than that observed with CsA. " 05/01/2004 - "Patients with risk factors in gingival overgrowth and patients with severe overgrowth should be converted to tacrolimus treatment."
8.	Calcium Channel Blockers (Blockers, Calcium Channel)IBA 07/01/2012 - "From the results of the present study it can be concluded that gingival overgrowth does occur with calcium channel blockers. " 06/01/2005 - "The aim of this paper is to study the physiopathology of gingival overgrowth induced by calcium channel blockers and propose different choices of treatment." 01/01/1999 - "Prevalence of gingival overgrowth induced by calcium channel blockers: a community-based study." 05/01/2015 - "Gingival overgrowth (GO) is a known side-effect of calcium channel blockers. " 07/01/2014 - "Gingival overgrowth is now a recognized unwanted effect associated with many of calcium channel blockers. "
9.	Calcium Channels (Calcium Channel)IBA 05/01/2004 - "Impact of age, sex, calcineurine inhibitors dosage, sort of calcium channel blocker used as well as treatment duration on gingival overgrowth were studied. " 07/01/2002 - "Calcium channel blocker induced gingival overgrowth." 01/01/1995 - "Gingival overgrowth around natural teeth has been previously reported in the literature with patients taking calcium channel-blocking agents. " 09/01/1998 - "Repeated dental-surgical treatments provided only temporary regression of the gingival overgrowth, however, after discontinuation of the calcium channel blocker there was a significant improvement of the hyperplasia that no longer required specific dental treatment. " 11/01/1996 - "Gingival overgrowth is a known side effect of several seizure, immunosuppressant and calcium channel-blocker medications. "
10.	CalciumIBA 09/01/1989 - "This study indicates that PHT influences the cellular calcium metabolism in fibroblasts which may contribute to the pathogenesis of gingival overgrowth." 03/31/2008 - "Calcium (Ca2+) antagonists induce gingival overgrowth as a side effect but the pathogenic mechanism is still unknown. " 03/31/2008 - "Elevation of cytosolic calcium level triggers calcium antagonist-induced gingival overgrowth." 01/01/2006 - "Gingival overgrowth is a common side effect of calcium antagonists. " 07/01/2002 - "The prevalence of gingival overgrowth with the use of calcium antagonists may be as high as 38%. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 12/01/2008 - "Aetiological periodontal and self-performed maintenance therapy is effective in reducing gingival overgrowth, particularly in subjects with the 3435TT genotype and in patients with renal transplant." 03/01/2014 - "The present study aimed to evaluate the genotype and allele frequencies of α2 integrin +807 gene in renal transplant patients with and without gingival overgrowth. " 02/01/2010 - "Sixty-four unrelated kidney transplant patients suffering from gingival overgrowth, as well as 111 control transplant patients without gingival overgrowth, were enrolled in the study. " 11/01/2007 - "Sixty-two unrelated kidney transplant patients with gingival overgrowth and 124 control transplant patients without overgrowth were enrolled into the study. " 11/01/2006 - "This study is the first to associate a gene polymorphism as a risk factor for CsA-induced gingival overgrowth in renal transplant patients, demonstrating that IL-1A polymorphism might alter individual susceptibility to CsA. "
2.	Root Planing 02/01/2002 - "The treatment protocol included very thorough mechanical scaling and root planing, oral hygienic instructions and the regular professional maintenance program resulted in complete remission of the gingival overgrowth and stabilization of the periodontal condition. " 07/01/2010 - "This case presents a 54-year-old female with chronic periodontitis and mandibular anterior gingival overgrowth treated by Phase I therapy (scaling and root planing) and excisional biopsy. " 01/01/1992 - "The case presented suggests that significant reduction and control of nifedipine-induced gingival overgrowth can be achieved by thorough scaling and root planing along with meticulous plaque control." 08/09/1997 - "Professional cleaning is effective in reducing both gingivitis and cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth; the combination with scaling and root planing reinforces its effectiveness." 01/01/2008 - "The systematic review revealed that a 5-day course of Azithromycin with Scaling and Root Planing reduces the degree of gingival overgrowth, while a 7-day course of metronidazole is only effective on concomitant bacterial over-infection. "
3.	Oral Hygiene (Dental Hygiene) 01/01/2015 - "Despite our greater understanding of pathogenesis of Drug induced Gingival Overgrowth (DIGO), its treatment still remains a challenge for the periodontists and treatment is still largely limited to maintenance of improved level of oral hygiene and surgical removal of overgrown tissue. " 04/01/2000 - "Most studies show an association between oral hygiene status and the prevalence and severity of this gingival overgrowth. " 01/01/1997 - "In our study, sex, age age at onset of therapy, treatment duration, and oral hygiene were not significantly associated with the risk of developing gingival overgrowth. " 05/01/2015 - "In drug‑induced gingival overgrowth, efficient oral hygiene is compromised and has negative consequences for the systemic health of the patients. " 01/01/2014 - "Oral hygiene status was the most important variable related to the development and degree of gingival overgrowth due to the use of CsA."
4.	Gingivectomy 01/01/2012 - "The study was conducted on 16 gingival samples obtained from gingivectomy specimens of eight adult patients with generalized gingival overgrowth. " 04/01/2014 - "The gingival overgrowth was managed by gingivectomy and periodic review. " 06/01/2013 - "The second case is a very severe antihypertensive drug related gingival overgrowth in a 62 years old man interfering with the closure of his lip and corrected with a combination of conventional gingivectomy and internal reverse beveled incision both and Ca-channel blockers. " 06/01/2012 - "Internal bevel gingivectomies were carried out to reduce gingival overgrowth. " 05/01/2011 - "Clinically, there were minor signs of recurrence of gingival overgrowth in a 12-month period after gingivectomy; however, papular lesions reappeared in keratinized gingiva immediately after healing. "
5.	Gas Lasers 03/28/2012 - "Co2 laser treatment of drug-induced gingival overgrowth - case report -." 01/01/2007 - "Four renal transplant patients were surgically treated for marked gingival overgrowth by means of gingivectomy and CO2 laser. " 01/01/2003 - "Cyclosporin-induced gingival overgrowth in a child treated with CO2 laser surgery: a case report." 01/01/2007 - "The aim of this report is to present a combined treatment approach with gingivectomy and CO2 laser for the management of cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth in 4 cases. " 01/01/2007 - "Combined treatment approach of gingivectomy and CO2 laser for cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth."