Postpartum Depression (Post-Natal Depression)

Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)

Also Known As:

Networked: 871 relevant articles (30 outcomes, 175 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Postpartum Depression (Post-Natal Depression)
2.	Mood Disorders (Mood Disorder)
3.	Depressive Disorder (Melancholia)
4.	Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (Insomnia)
5.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)

Experts

1.	Wisner, Katherine L: 16 articles (10/2015 - 08/2006)
2.	Dennis, Cindy-Lee: 16 articles (10/2014 - 03/2003)
3.	Skalkidou, Alkistis: 9 articles (11/2015 - 10/2009)
4.	Meltzer-Brody, Samantha: 9 articles (10/2015 - 04/2007)
5.	O'Hara, Michael W: 9 articles (05/2015 - 09/2009)
6.	Steiner, Meir: 8 articles (10/2015 - 11/2004)
7.	Logsdon, M Cynthia: 8 articles (01/2013 - 12/2003)
8.	Grigoriadis, Sophie: 8 articles (01/2012 - 11/2002)
9.	Galea, Liisa A M: 7 articles (02/2016 - 06/2008)
10.	Sharma, Verinder: 7 articles (12/2015 - 10/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Postpartum Depression:

1.	Tuberculin (PPD)IBA 04/01/2014 - "PPD was measured using an online version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) a well-established instrument with reported alpha reliabilities (0.81-0.88) across studies and concurrent validity demonstrated using the gold standard, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for depression interview. " 01/01/2015 - "Objectives of this study are to identify mothers at risk for PPD using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and evaluate the efficacy of CBT for the prevention of PPD in these mothers. " 05/01/2012 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) in the prevention of post partum depression (PPD) in pregnant women at risk. " 08/01/2013 - "Maternal postpartum depression (PPD) and mother-infant relationship dysfunction have reciprocal effects on each other and thus an integrated approach that addresses both problems simultaneously may lead to improved outcomes. " 08/30/2008 - "To examine the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the prevention of postpartum depression (PPD) in "at risk" women. "
2.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 01/01/2013 - "Are antidepressants effective in the treatment of postpartum depression? " 12/01/2002 - "Several antidepressants are effective for postpartum depression and appear safe for use by breastfeeding women. " 01/01/2013 - "Due to the paucity of controlled data and methodological limitations of studies, the question about the efficacy of antidepressants in postpartum depression cannot be answered unequivocally." 01/01/2013 - "This article reviews the literature on the efficacy of antidepressants in randomized controlled trials of postpartum depression. " 09/01/2005 - "Despite the prevalence of postpartum depression, few studies have assessed the efficacy of antidepressants for the treatment of this disorder. "
3.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 07/01/2003 - "Although the data are still preliminary, it could be concluded that the estrogens can be useful in the treatment of postpartum depression and menopause related depression, especially if surgically induced. " 12/01/2002 - "Estrogen appears somewhat helpful for postpartum depression, but its use is limited by problematic medical sequelae. " 12/01/2013 - "Association study of the estrogen receptor gene ESR1 with postpartum depression--a pilot study." 02/01/2015 - "Postnatal depression is more common in women with a history of premenstrual depression and also responds to transdermal estrogens. " 12/01/2011 - "Estrogens also have a mood-enhancing effect in postnatal depression and the depression in the transitional phase of the menopause. "
4.	Sertraline (Zoloft)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2012 - "While both treatment groups improved significantly, the results of the present study did not demonstrate a significant benefit for sertraline over placebo as an add-on treatment to focused BDP in mild-to-moderate postpartum depression. " 03/01/2015 - "Treatment of postnatal depression with cognitive behavioural therapy, sertraline and combination therapy: a randomised controlled trial." 03/01/2014 - "A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of sertraline for postpartum depression." 02/01/2012 - "The effect of sertraline add-on to brief dynamic psychotherapy for the treatment of postpartum depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study." 03/01/2015 - "In this sample, a specialised CBT program for postnatal depression was found to be superior as a mono-therapy compared to sertraline, a commonly prescribed SSRI antidepressant. "
5.	Estradiol (Estrace)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2002 - "Estradiol may be effective for postpartum depression and for moderate-to-severe major depression in the perimenopause. " 09/01/2009 - "Transdermal estradiol for postpartum depression: a promising treatment option." 08/01/2015 - "Transdermal Estradiol Treatment for Postpartum Depression: A Pilot, Randomized Trial." 06/01/2009 - "Psychiatrists fail to use transdermal estradiol for postnatal depression, premenstrual depression and perimenopausal depression in spite of randomized trials demonstrating their efficacy. " 05/01/2001 - "This preliminary study shows that depression symptoms may be rapidly reduced in patients with postpartum depression who have documented estradiol deficiency by treatment with 17beta-estradiol and suggests that estradiol can have significance in the pathophysiology of this condition and may be an option in the treatment of women vulnerable to postpartum depression."
6.	Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)IBA 05/19/2015 - "Compared with placebo, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are associated with better response and remission rates for postnatal depression. " 11/01/2003 - "Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective in treating postpartum depression, concerns have been raised regarding their use in lactating women. " 11/05/2015 - "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used as a first-line therapy in postpartum depression. " 01/01/2014 - "The treatment of postpartum depression with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been claimed to be both efficacious and well tolerated, but no recent systematic reviews have been conducted. " 01/01/2014 - "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for post-partum depression (PPD): a systematic review of randomized clinical trials."
7.	SASIBA 01/01/2012 - "Translated and culturally verified versions of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Zung's Self-rated Anxiety Scale (Zung SAS), and the General Health Questionnaire 12 items (GHQ-12) were validated against a gold-standard diagnostic tool, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV diagnoses in a community-based sample of 231 Vietnamese men who were partners of pregnant women or women who had recently given birth. " 09/01/2011 - "Translated and culturally verified versions of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), General Health Questionnaire 12 items (GHQ-12), Zung's Self-rated Anxiety Scale (Zung SAS) and a gold-standard diagnostic tool, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV, were administered to a community-based representative cohort of 364 Vietnamese women in the perinatal period. "
8.	HormonesIBA 12/01/2011 - "Premenstrual depression, postnatal depression and climacteric depression are related to changes in ovarian hormone levels and can be effectively treated by hormones. " 03/01/1998 - "Because of the abrupt and dramatic changes occurring in hormone levels after delivery, many studies have examined the role of hormonal factors in postpartum depression. " 01/01/1983 - "Hormonal factors have been suggested as a cause of postnatal depression, but suckling frequency which is the major influence on hormone levels postpartum has not been considered in previous studies. " 01/01/1983 - "Hormonal factors have been suggested as a cause of post-natal depression, but suckling frequency which is the major influence on hormone levels post-partum has not been considered in previous studies. " 02/01/2016 - "While many have attributed the etiology of postpartum depression to the dramatic change in hormone levels that occurs immediately postpartum, the exact causes are not well-understood. "
9.	Paroxetine (Paxil)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2008 - "This was an 8-week, multicenter, parallel, placebo-controlled trial of paroxetine for treatment of postpartum depression. " 11/01/2005 - "Reexamining paroxetine and cognitive-behavioral therapy in postpartum depression and anxiety." 09/01/2004 - "The use of paroxetine and cognitive-behavioral therapy in postpartum depression and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial." 09/01/2004 - "Thirty-five women referred to a tertiary care hospital outpatient program with a DSM-IV diagnosis of postpartum depression with comorbid anxiety disorder were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups-paroxetine-only monotherapy group (N = 16) or paroxetine plus 12 sessions of CBT combination therapy group (N = 19)-for a 12-week trial. " 09/01/2014 - "In postpartum depression, low-strength evidence suggested symptom response was not improved when sertraline was added to psychotherapy or when cognitive-behavioral therapy was added to paroxetine. "
10.	Fluoxetine (Prozac)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2001 - "Appleby et al (1997) reported that Fluoxetine was significantly more effective than placebo and, after an initial session of counselling, as effective as a full course of cognitive-behavioural counselling in the treatment of postnatal depression. " 01/01/2001 - "Women with postnatal depression can be effectively treated with fluoxetine, which is as effective as a course of cognitive-behavioural counselling in the short-term. " 03/29/1997 - "A controlled study of fluoxetine and cognitive-behavioural counselling in the treatment of postnatal depression." 08/01/1993 - "Fluoxetine treatment of postpartum depression." 11/01/2003 - "Maternal and infant transporter blockade was assessed by measurement of platelet 5-HT in 11 breastfeeding mother-infant pairs before and after 4 to 12 weeks of maternal fluoxetine (20-40 mg/d) treatment for postpartum depression. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section) 03/01/2006 - "Meta-analyses of suitable studies failed to find evidence for a significant association between cesarean section and postpartum depression. " 03/01/2006 - "With only one exception, methodologically superior studies found either no significant association or mixed evidence for an association between cesarean section and postpartum depression. " 03/01/2006 - "Of the 24 studies that have examined the association between cesarean section and postpartum depression, five found a significant adverse association, 15 found no significant association, and four found mixed results. " 03/01/2006 - "The objective of this study was to examine the evidence for an association between cesarean section and postpartum depression. " 02/01/2004 - "The aim of the study was to review if experiencing a traumatic birth, in the form of caesarean section or assisted vaginal births, increases the risk of developing postnatal depression. "
2.	Massage (Reflexology) 03/01/2001 - "This study suggests that learning the practice of infant massage by mothers is an effective treatment for facilitating mother-infant interaction in mothers with postnatal depression." 07/01/2008 - "The current study further investigates any benefits of baby massage for mothers with postnatal depression and their infants. " 12/01/2009 - "Pregnancy massage reduces prematurity, low birthweight and postpartum depression." 11/01/2008 - "[Psychomotricity and postpartum depression, when massage creates bonds]." 07/01/2008 - "Mothers scoring (3)13 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 4 weeks postpartum were randomly assigned to attend baby massage classes (n=31) or a support group (n=31). "
3.	Electroacupuncture 12/01/2012 - "[Electroacupuncture at auricular points for 43 cases of postpartum depression]." 01/01/2014 - "Our previous studies have demonstrated the treatment benefits of dense cranial electroacupuncture stimulation (DCEAS), a novel brain stimulation therapy in patients with major depression, postpartum depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. " 05/01/2013 - "Difficile-associated diarrhea, preventive group counseling and postpartum depression, black cohosh and menopausal symptoms, deep needling electroacupuncture and trigeminal neuralgia." 12/15/2012 - "Both electroacupuncture and non-invasive sham acupuncture were effective for postpartum depression. " 12/15/2012 - "Randomized non-invasive sham-controlled pilot trial of electroacupuncture for postpartum depression."
4.	Postnatal Care 06/01/2015 - "Male involvement was significantly associated with reduced odds of postpartum depression (OR=0.36, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.68 for male involvement during pregnancy; OR=0.34, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.62 for male involvement post partum), and also with improved utilisation of maternal health services (skilled birth attendance and postnatal care). " 04/01/2007 - "Postnatal depression is a significant clinical issue for nurses providing postnatal care for mothers and is underassessed, misunderstood, and very often poorly treated." 02/01/2001 - "As the prevalence of postnatal depression is similar in both cultures despite large differences in culture and postnatal care systems, some support is given to a hypothesis that postnatal depression has at least some biological determinants as well as cultural/social ones." 02/01/2001 - "A semistructured interview and validated questionnaire were used to collect data on maternal satisfaction with postnatal care and the factors associated with postnatal depression. " 02/01/2001 - "A comparative study of postnatal women in the UK and Taiwan was undertaken to investigate postnatal care and the prevalence of postnatal depression. "
5.	Contraception (Birth Control) 03/01/1995 - "Women with PMS exhibited a significantly greater frequency of postpartum depression (43% versus 12%), past birth control pill use (91.6% versus 45.9%), alcohol use (39.5% versus 14.8%) and drug use (48.4% versus 14.1%) than did the controls respectively; all p values were < 0.05). " 10/01/2015 - "Additionally, the CenteringPregnancy group had increased uptake of long-acting reversible contraception and were less likely to suffer from postpartum depression. " 10/01/1995 - "Instruction about care of the perineum and breasts, the possibility of postpartum depression, resumption of sexual intercourse, contraception, diet and exercise is appropriate in the postpartum period. " 09/01/2004 - "In the 1999 search, of 671 studies identified, 140 studies were randomized controlled trials that met the selection criteria: 41 studies related to breastfeeding, 33 to postpartum perineal pain management, and 63 to 11 other key topic areas (Papanicolaou test, rubella immunization, contraception, postpartum support, early discharge, postpartum depression and anxiety, postpartum medical disorders, smoking cessation, nutrition supplements other than breastfeeding, effects of pelvic floor exercise, and effects of early newborn contact). "