Heat Stroke (Heatstroke)

A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.

Also Known As:

Networked: 463 relevant articles (55 outcomes, 63 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure)
2.	Shock
3.	Brain Ischemia (Cerebral Ischemia)
4.	Inflammation
5.	Fever (Fevers)

Experts

1.	Lin, Mao-Tsun: 63 articles (06/2015 - 03/2002)
2.	Chang, Ching-Ping: 17 articles (06/2015 - 05/2004)
3.	Chen, Sheng-Hsien: 17 articles (01/2015 - 05/2004)
4.	Leon, Lisa R: 13 articles (11/2015 - 01/2005)
5.	Su, Lei: 13 articles (10/2015 - 10/2011)
6.	Maeda, Hitoshi: 12 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)
7.	Ishikawa, Takaki: 11 articles (11/2015 - 01/2008)
8.	Michiue, Tomomi: 11 articles (11/2015 - 01/2008)
9.	Hsu, Chuan-Chih: 9 articles (10/2014 - 03/2007)
10.	Lin, M T: 8 articles (06/2006 - 09/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Heat Stroke:

1.	Dantrolene (Dantrium)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1997 - "Therapeutic interventions with conventional cooling or conventional cooling and dantrolene provided significant improvement in cardiovascular function in an immature porcine heatstroke model. " 10/01/1999 - "Several authors have shown that dantrolene may be effective in the treatment of heat stroke patients. " 07/01/2008 - "Bet 4: in patients with classic heat stroke does adding treatment with dantrolene improve outcome?" 01/01/2007 - "Role of dantrolene in treatment of heat stroke associated with Ecstasy ingestion." 02/01/2005 - "Clinical review: Treatment of heat stroke: should dantrolene be considered?"
2.	Protein CIBA 11/01/2009 - "Human recombinant activated protein C (APC) has been found to be beneficial in treating heatstroke in both humans and rats. " 11/01/2009 - "The present study was attempted to assess the prophylactic and the therapeutic effect of human recombinant activated protein C (APC; drotrecogin-alpha, activated) in experimental heat stroke. " 11/01/2009 - "Activated protein C improves heatstroke outcomes through restoration of normal hypothalamic and thermoregulatory function." 11/01/2009 - "Activated protein C can be used as a prophylactic as well as a therapeutic agent for heat stroke in rodents." 07/01/2008 - "Recombinant activated protein C attenuates endothelial injury and inhibits procoagulant microparticles release in baboon heatstroke."
3.	Hydroxyl RadicalIBA 10/01/2003 - "1. There is evidence that hydroxyl radicals are accumulated and oxidative stress is produced in multiple organs, including the brain, of rats with heat stroke. " 03/01/2002 - "Taken together, these results indicate that hydroxyl radicals mediate cerebral ischemic injury associated with heatstroke." 01/01/2010 - "However, immediate treatment with the combined agent at the onset of heat stroke confers significant protection against heat stroke-induced circulatory shock, systemic inflammation; cerebral ischemia, cerebral monoamines and hydroxyl radical production overload, and improves neuronal damage and the ST in rats. " 01/01/2010 - "However, immediate treatment with the combined agent confers significant protection against heat stroke-induced arterial hypotension, systemic inflammation, cerebral ischemia, cerebral monoamines and hydroxyl radical production overloads, and improves neuronal damage and the ST in heat stroke rats. " 01/01/2010 - "There is evidence that increased plasma cytokines, elevated brain levels of monoamines and hydroxyl radical production may be implicated in pathogenesis during heat stroke in rats. "
4.	platonin J (platonin)IBA 12/01/2006 - "The results demonstrate that platonin is effective for attenuation of heatstroke reactions." 12/01/2006 - "Platonin, a cyanine photosensitizing dye, is effective for attenuation of heatstroke in rats." 12/01/2005 - "When the vehicle-treated rats underwent heat exposure, their survival time values were found to be 18 to 22 min. Resuscitation with intravenous doses of platonin, but not normal saline, immediately at the onset of heat stroke, significantly improved survival during heat stroke (41-147 min). " 12/01/2005 - "Anesthetized rats, immediately after the onset of heat stroke, were divided into two major groups and given the following: normal saline (1 mL per kg body weight) intravenously, or platonin (12.5-50 microg/mL per kg body weight) intravenously. " 12/01/2006 - "Immediately after the start of heat exposure, the previous administration of platonin significantly improved survival time by reducing the systemic inflammation, hypercoagulable state, and tissue ischemia and damage during heatstroke. "
5.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 12/15/2013 - "Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is considered an adverse mediator of heat stroke (HS) based on clinical studies showing high serum levels. " 02/01/2008 - "In addition, hypothalamic levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were elevated after heatstroke onset. " 10/01/2004 - "The data indicates that ET-1A receptor antagonism may maintain appropriate levels of mean arterial pressure and cerebral circulation during heatstroke by reducing production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha." 02/01/2007 - "The data show that reduction of nNOS-dependent NO(2)(-) with 7-NI causes attenuation of cerebrovascular dysfunction, hyperthermia, and TNF-alpha overproduction during heatstroke in the rat." 05/01/2005 - "Previous exercise training for 3 weeks, but not 1 or 2 weeks, conferred significant protection against hyperthermia, arterial hypotension, decreased cardiac output, decreased stroke volume, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, and increased levels of serum or tissue TNF-alpha during heatstroke and correlated with overexpression of HSP72 in multiple organs, including heart, liver, and adrenal gland. "
6.	OxygenIBA 08/13/2007 - "Hyperbaric oxygen has been found to be beneficial in treating heatstroke animals. " 01/01/2010 - "The data indicate that hyperbaric oxygen may improve outcomes of heatstroke by normalization of hypothalamic and thermoregulatory function in mice." 01/01/2010 - "Reduction of ischemic and oxidative damage to the hypothalamus by hyperbaric oxygen in heatstroke mice." 12/01/2009 - "[Hyperbaric oxygen for treatment of one patient with brain impairment after occupational heat stroke]." 11/01/2009 - "A significant decrease in both cerebral blood flow and partial pressure of oxygen in hypothalamus were also observed in vehicle-pretreated heat stroke animals. "
7.	Urethane (Ethyl Carbamate)IBA 09/01/2007 - "Heat stroke was induced by exposing urethane-anaesthetised animals to a temperature of 43 degrees C for 55 min, which caused the body temperature to reach 42 degrees C. " 09/01/2005 - "2. Urethane-anaesthetized rats were exposed to heat stress (ambient temperature 43 degrees C) to induce heat stroke. " 09/01/2005 - "Urethane-anesthetized rats were exposed to heat stress (43 degrees C) to induce heatstroke. " 06/01/2005 - "Urethane-anesthetized animals were exposed to an ambient temperature of 43 degrees C to induce heatstroke. " 05/01/2005 - "Urethane-anesthetized rats were exposed to heat stress (ambient temperature of 43 degrees C) to induce heat stroke. "
8.	Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 08/25/2005 - "The purpose of this study is to determine whether aspirin can reduce interleukin-1beta(IL-1beta) concentration and exert protective effects against heatstroke. " 06/01/2004 - "Pretreatment with anti-inflammatory dose of aspirin can provide protection against heat stroke in rats, which may be associated with the inhibition of elevation of plasma IL-1beta levels by aspirin." 06/01/2004 - "[Pretreatment with aspirin for protection against heat stroke in rats]." 08/25/2005 - "Time of heatstroke onset was not significantly different, while survival time was significantly longer in aspirin group than that in control group. " 06/01/2004 - "The time of the onset of heat stroke was similar in the two groups, but rats in the aspirin group had significantly longer survival time (P<0.05). "
9.	Naltrexone (ReVia)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2005 - "Accordingly, naltrexone improved survival during heat stroke. " 04/01/2005 - "Intravenous delivery of naltrexone (10 mg/kg) 20 min before the initiation of heat stress, but not immediately at the onset of heat stroke, significantly attenuated the above-mentioned reactions. " 04/01/2005 - "Whereas naltrexone may have therapeutic potential in heat stroke, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. " 03/15/1997 - "Naltrexone modifies thermoregulatory symptoms and lessens the severity of heat stroke in guinea pigs." 12/01/2005 - "Naltrexone, a nonselective antagonist of opioid receptors, is found to be beneficial in protecting against heatstroke. "
10.	CytokinesIBA 01/01/2007 - "Despite several studies implicating cytokines in heat stroke pathophysiology, few studies have examined the protective effect(s) of cytokine antagonism on the morbidity and mortality of heat stroke. " 10/15/2013 - "Heat stroke (HS) induces a rapid elevation in a number of circulating cytokines. " 01/01/2013 - "The role of cytokines, specifically in the pathophysiology of heat stroke, is elaborated and depicted as part of a biaxial model pertaining to the physiological and cellular/biochemical aspects of heat stroke." 01/01/2013 - "The levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been demonstrated to rise in the event of heat stroke in both human and animal models. " 01/01/2010 - "Endotoxin and cytokines have been implicated as key mediators of the heat-induced SIRS, based almost exclusively on correlative data that show high circulating concentrations of these substances in heat stroke patients and animal models. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Resuscitation 08/01/2006 - "When the 36 degrees C saline-treated rats underwent heat exposure, their survival time values were found to be 23 to 28 min. Immediately after the onset of heatstroke, resuscitation with an i.v. dose of 4 degrees C saline significantly improved survival during heatstroke (208-252 min). " 06/01/2005 - "Resuscitation with intravenous or intracerebroventricular doses of HUCBCs, but not peripheral blood mononuclear cells, immediately at the onset of heatstroke significantly improved survival during heatstroke (61-148 mins). " 02/28/2009 - "When the diabetic heatstroke rats underwent heat stress, their survival time values were found to be 11-13 min. Immediately after the onset of heatstroke, resuscitation with body cooling greatly improved survival (221-257 min). " 06/01/2007 - "When the 36 degrees C saline-treated rats underwent heat stress, their survival time values were found to be 21-25 min. Immediately after the onset of heatstroke, resuscitation with an i.v. dose of 4 degrees C saline greatly improved survival (226-268 min). " 04/01/2005 - "The efficacy of HBO therapy for resuscitation from heatstroke remains to be determined in the laboratory. "
2.	Induced Hyperthermia (Thermotherapy) 05/01/2011 - "Acute care for exercise-induced hyperthermia to avoid adverse outcome from exertional heat stroke." 05/01/2004 - "Hyperthermia-induced vasoconstriction of the carotid artery, a possible causative factor of heatstroke." 09/01/2007 - "Three weeks of progressive exercise pretreatment induced HSP72 preconditioning in the brain and conferred significant protection against heat-stroke-induced hyperthermia, arterial hypotension, cerebral ischaemia and neuronal damage; it also prolonged survival. " 12/01/1996 - "In our previous study in guinea pigs, intensive and prolonged intraperitoneal heating (IPH) caused heat stroke characterized by high mortality and accompanied by two paradoxical phenomena: ear skin vasoconstriction at a high body temperature (Tb) (hyperthermia-induced vasoconstriction) and a post-IPH Tb fall at an ambient temperature (Ta) below thermoneutrality (hyperthermia-induced hypothermia). " 07/01/2012 - "A combination of reduced fluid intake, physical activity and drug-induced hyperthermia leads to complications such as heat stroke, delirium and potentially death. "
3.	Intensive Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 06/01/2012 - "It is therefore important to provide aggressive cooling and intensive care as rapidly as possible in order to avoid the occurrence of the neurological sequelae of heatstroke." 05/01/2012 - "The patient required intensive care admission and inotropic support for a few hours after he was admitted with heat stroke. " 08/01/2009 - "Classic heat stroke may demonstrate a rapidly worsening organ dysfunction course leading to death even though cooling procedures and intensive care management are promptly started." 08/01/2008 - "The emergency and intensive care departments of two academic tertiary-care hospitals, Paris, France A total of 53 patients with defined heatstroke attending the emergency department and/or the intensive care unit during the August 2003 heat wave in France. " 01/01/2002 - "This case illustrates survival and complete recovery after multiorgan failure in heat stroke with vigorous intensive care. "
4.	Hemodilution 06/01/2004 - "Hypothermic retrograde jugular vein flush in heatstroke rats provides brain protection by maintaining cerebral blood flow but not by hemodilution." 08/01/2001 - "The protective effect of hypervolemic hemodilution in experimental heatstroke." 08/01/2001 - "However, the heatstroke-induced arterial hypotension, cerebral ischemia, increased striatal DA overload, and increased neuronal damage score were attenuated by induction of both hypervolemic and hemodilution state with 10% albumin either before or after the onset of heatstroke. " 01/01/2007 - "On the other hand, hypervolemic hemodilution, Shengmai San, or magnolol is able to treat the oxidative damage after heat stroke onset." 08/01/2001 - "The authors tested the hypothesis in a rat model that hypervolemic hemodilution during heatstroke affected the mean arterial pressure (MAP), striatal dopamine (DA) release, and local cerebral blood flow and neuronal damage score in different brain structures. "
5.	Catheters 06/01/2004 - "The cold saline (4 degrees C, 1.7 mL/100 g) was delivered via the cannula in either the femoral vein or jugular vein immediately after the onset of heatstroke. " 09/01/1994 - "To determine the efficacy of hypertonic saline in dextran solution (HSD, 7.5% NaCl in 6% dextran 70) for the treatment of heat stroke, rats were deprived of water for 24 h (DE) or not (ND), and then they were heat-stressed, and 4 mL/kg of saline (SAL) or HSD was administered via jugular cannula at the end of heat stress (a core temperature of 42.3 degrees C). " 07/01/2006 - "A bolus injection of normal saline or recombinant human activated protein C (drotrecogin alfa, activated) was conducted via femoral catheters immediately after the onset of heat stroke. "