Viral Encephalitis

Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.

Also Known As:

Networked: 264 relevant articles (12 outcomes, 19 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Seizures (Seizure)
3.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
4.	Status Epilepticus (Complex Partial Status Epilepticus)
5.	Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)

Experts

1.	Solomon, Tom: 4 articles (01/2015 - 06/2003)
2.	Dalmau, Josep: 4 articles (06/2014 - 02/2011)
3.	Stohlman, Stephen A: 4 articles (10/2013 - 04/2005)
4.	Bergmann, Cornelia C: 4 articles (10/2013 - 04/2005)
5.	Hinton, David R: 3 articles (10/2013 - 04/2005)
6.	Kennedy, P G E: 3 articles (08/2010 - 10/2002)
7.	Chaudhuri, A: 3 articles (08/2010 - 10/2002)
8.	Hatano, Yuichiro: 2 articles (04/2015 - 04/2014)
9.	Niwa, Masayuki: 2 articles (04/2015 - 04/2014)
10.	Hara, Akira: 2 articles (04/2015 - 04/2014)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Viral Encephalitis:

1.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 01/01/2003 - "Corticosteroids are often used in the treatment of acute viral encephalitis, although the efficacy of corticosteroid therapy has not been proven. " 01/01/1999 - "By contrast, 5 of the patients with viral encephalitis responded well to intravenous corticosteroids, whereas the remaining 4 patients did not, three of whom showed poor prognosis. " 08/01/2010 - "Corticosteroids as an adjunct treatment for acute viral encephalitis are not generally considered to be effective, and their use is controversial, but this important issue is currently being evaluated in a large clinical trial. " 05/01/2005 - "Corticosteroids as an adjunct treatment for acute viral encephalitis are not generally considered to be effective and their use is controversial. " 01/01/1999 - "Not a few neurologists, however, have had an impression that administration of corticosteroids ameliorated neurological impairment and induced better prognosis in some patients with viral encephalitis. "
2.	VaccinesIBA 06/01/1997 - "Improvement in the general health and sanitation of the population, and the universal use and development of new vaccines will significantly reduce the incidence of viral encephalitis. " 06/19/2009 - "Studying the mechanisms of host survival resulting from viral encephalitis is critical to the development of vaccines. " 05/14/2012 - "Rabies is a viral encephalitis, nearly always fatal, but preventable through vaccines. " 11/21/2011 - "In the case of murine models of viral encephalitis in which central nervous system (CNS) viral invasion occurs rapidly but the disease development is relatively slow, we visualized the initial brain infection and enhance the data collection process required for efficacy studies on antivirals or vaccines that are aimed at preventing brain infection. " 06/01/2003 - "Globally, Japanese encephalitis virus is the most important emerging viral encephalitis; interferon alpha was not effective against Japanese encephalitis in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, but new chimeric vaccines are in development. "
3.	Acyclovir (Aciclovir)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1989 - "The present case suggests that neuro-Behçet's syndrome with only a part of major symptoms could be diagnosed as viral encephalitis and acyclovir may be effective for the treatment of neuro-Behçet's syndrome." 09/01/2014 - "Intravenous acyclovir of 800 mg every 8 hours was started on admission due to suspicion of viral encephalitis. " 03/15/2013 - "HSV-1 is the leading cause of sporadic viral encephalitis, with mortality rates approaching 30% despite treatment with the antiviral drug of choice, acyclovir. " 12/01/2011 - "After a workup including lumbar puncture fluid, she was treated empirically with i.v. acyclovir for viral encephalitis. " 02/01/2010 - "The management of infants and children treated with aciclovir for suspected viral encephalitis."
4.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 08/01/2013 - "To determine the presence of human bocaviruses (HBoVs) and corresponding HBoV-specific immunoglobulins (Igs) in cerebrospinal fluid from children with suspected viral encephalitis. " 01/01/1981 - "Immunoglobulins in the cerebrospinal fluid: changes during acute viral encephalitis in mice." 01/01/2015 - "Results from in vitro studies and animal models suggest intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) containing virus-specific neutralizing antibody may be effective in improving outcome in viral encephalitis. "
5.	Neutralizing AntibodiesIBA 01/01/2015 - "Results from in vitro studies and animal models suggest intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) containing virus-specific neutralizing antibody may be effective in improving outcome in viral encephalitis. "
6.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 01/01/2015 - "Results from in vitro studies and animal models suggest intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) containing virus-specific neutralizing antibody may be effective in improving outcome in viral encephalitis. "
7.	Inosine Pranobex (Imunovir)IBA 03/01/1982 - "In humans, beneficial results have been reported from clinical trials testing the effects of methisoprinol in a variety of diseases including subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), acute viral encephalitis, recurrent mucocutaneous infections due to type I and II Herpes viruses as well as in immune restoration of cancer patients with immunodepression following radiotherapy. "
8.	Interleukin-12 (IL 12)IBA 08/01/1999 - "Regulation of the BBB during viral encephalitis: roles of IL-12 and NOS." 01/01/1999 - "Delayed administration of interleukin-12 is efficacious in promoting recovery from lethal viral encephalitis." 01/01/1997 - "Interleukin-12 promotes recovery from viral encephalitis." 06/01/2009 - "Interleukin-12 (IL-12), but not IL-23, deficiency ameliorates viral encephalitis without affecting viral control." 06/01/2009 - "These data suggest that IL-12 does not contribute to antiviral function within the CNS but enhances morbidity associated with viral encephalitis by increasing the ratio of IFN-gamma to protective IL-10."
9.	Hashimoto's encephalitisIBA 01/27/2015 - "Good outcome at discharge was achieved by 48 patients (50.5%) with viral encephalitis, 17 (40.5%) with autoimmune encephalitis, and 32 (54.2%) with unknown/other etiologies. " 05/01/2014 - "Current estimates suggest that a substantial proportion of patients once suspected to have viral encephalitis in fact have an autoimmune etiology for their symptoms.1 Additional autoantigen targets continue to be identified, and the phenotypic spectrum associated with autoimmune encephalitis continues to expand. " 01/01/2013 - "A case of Hashimoto's encephalopathy misdiagnosed as viral encephalitis." 01/27/2015 - "On the basis of the final diagnosis, the patients were categorized into 3 groups: viral encephalitis, autoimmune encephalitis, and encephalitis of unknown/other etiology. " 01/01/2015 - "During hospitalization, seizures were seen in patients with autoimmune encephalitis (n=24, 54.5%), unknown/others (n=20, 33.9%), and viral encephalitis (n=23, 24.2%). "
10.	Interleukin-23 (Interleukin 23)IBA 06/01/2009 - "Interleukin-12 (IL-12), but not IL-23, deficiency ameliorates viral encephalitis without affecting viral control." 01/01/2005 - "Interleukin (IL)-12 receptor beta1 or IL-12 receptor beta 2 deficiency in mice indicates that IL-12 and IL-23 are not essential for host recovery from viral encephalitis."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Radiotherapy 06/01/2008 - "With a review of the literature on the association between HSE and radiotherapy for CNS malignancies, our case suggests that an awareness of viral encephalitis is important in the differential diagnosis of acute neurologic disturbance during chemoradiotherapy for CNS lymphoma." 03/01/2014 - "Fourteen patients were diagnosed with an intracranial tumor by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination, four patients had postoperative intracranial tumors, one had received radiotherapy for suprasellar germinoma, one was hypothalamic-pituitary dysplasia, one had a history of viral encephalitis, and in 12 patients, the cause was unknown. " 03/01/1982 - "In humans, beneficial results have been reported from clinical trials testing the effects of methisoprinol in a variety of diseases including subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), acute viral encephalitis, recurrent mucocutaneous infections due to type I and II Herpes viruses as well as in immune restoration of cancer patients with immunodepression following radiotherapy. "
2.	Immunomodulation 10/01/2007 - "The management of patients with suspected viral encephalitis has been revolutionised in recent years with improved imaging and viral diagnostics, better antiviral and immunomodulatory therapies, and enhanced neurointensive care. "
3.	Transplants (Transplant) 08/01/2006 - "Transfusion-associated and transplant-associated viral encephalitis may be an underrecognized risk of these procedures." 08/01/2006 - "Recent cases of transfusion-associated and transplant-associated viral encephalitis, including West Nile virus, rabies virus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, were described. " 08/01/1998 - "This report suggests a pathogenetic role of HHV-6 in viral encephalitis in immunocompromised bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients, and its possible association with GVHD." 05/01/1986 - "The group of patients show an actuarial cumulative survival of 55% with two early infective deaths (days 42 and 44 post-transplant) and three late deaths, two with leukaemic relapse and the third with probable viral encephalitis. " 01/01/1981 - "3 of the 4 other recipients required a second graft and eventually died of uremia or fulminant viral encephalitis, the other lost her first graft due to accelerated acute rejection and is now on maintenance hemodialysis. "
4.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 12/01/1998 - "This article reviews the pathophysiology of viral encephalitis, which is specifically infectious to transplant recipients, and discusses the potential infectivity of donors who had this virus. " 03/01/2002 - "The causes of death were as follows: sepsis after rejection (n = 14), respiratory failure (n = 8), sepsis (n = 6), multiple organ failure (n = 4), arterial graft infection (n = 3), aspergillosis (n = 2), post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease (n = 2), intracranial hemorrhage (n = 2), and fungemia, chronic rejection, graft vs. host disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, pancreatitis, pulmonary embolism, and viral encephalitis (n = 1 case of each). "
5.	Stem Cell Transplantation 01/01/2011 - "We analyzed 2,628 patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation to identify risk factors and characteristics of viral encephalitis. " 01/01/2011 - "Limited data are available on characteristics of viral encephalitis in patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. " 01/01/2011 - "Viral encephalitis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a rare complication with distinct characteristics of different causative agents." 01/01/2011 - "The use of OKT-3 or alemtuzumab for in vivo T-cell depletion is associated with an increased risk of viral encephalitis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. "