Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (Sepsis Syndrome)

A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever >38 degrees C or HYPOTHERMIA <36 degrees C; (2) TACHYCARDIA >90 beat/minute; (3) tachypnea >24 breaths/minute; (4) LEUKOCYTOSIS >12,000 cells/cubic mm or 10% immature forms. While usually related to infection, SIRS can also be associated with noninfectious insults such as TRAUMA; BURNS; or PANCREATITIS. If infection is involved, a patient with SIRS is said to have SEPSIS.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1601 relevant articles (63 outcomes, 184 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Sepsis (Septicemia)
2.	Acute Lung Injury
3.	Critical Illness (Critically Ill)
4.	Septic Shock (Toxic Shock Syndrome)
5.	Multiple Organ Failure (MODS)

Experts

1.	Gando, Satoshi: 14 articles (01/2014 - 08/2002)
2.	Westphal, Martin: 10 articles (02/2011 - 02/2005)
3.	Van Aken, Hugo: 8 articles (06/2015 - 11/2006)
4.	Traber, Daniel L: 8 articles (02/2011 - 11/2003)
5.	Hayakawa, Mineji: 8 articles (10/2009 - 08/2002)
6.	Manzanares, William: 7 articles (02/2015 - 05/2009)
7.	Aikawa, Naoki: 7 articles (01/2014 - 01/2004)
8.	Bone, Hans-Georg: 7 articles (11/2008 - 11/2006)
9.	Lange, Matthias: 7 articles (11/2008 - 11/2006)
10.	Ogura, Hiroshi: 6 articles (07/2015 - 02/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome:

1.	ONO 5046 (sivelestat)IBA 01/01/2009 - "Sivelestat has been reported to be effective for ALI associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), but the effectiveness and safety of the drug for infants has not been confirmed. " 08/01/2003 - "Clinical studies have demonstrated that Sivelestat improves this injury that is associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. " 05/01/2002 - "In a trial of ALI patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, conducted in Japan by Ono Pharmaceutical scientists, sivelestat treatment improved the investigator assessment of global improvement and the percentages of patients who were removed from ventilators and transferred out of the intensive care unit. " 07/01/2011 - "Sivelestat improved oxygenation in the postoperative period; however, there were no differences between the two groups in terms of duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and postoperative change of oxygenation. " 01/01/2013 - "Sivelestat has been used clinically to treat acute lung injury associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. "
2.	SeleniumIBA 04/01/2014 - "The effect of selenium therapy in sepsis syndrome must be confirmed by large, well designed phase iii clinical trials. " 06/01/2013 - "Randomized controlled parallel group trials comparing selenium supplementation in doses greater than daily requirement to placebo on the outcome of mortality in patients with sepsis syndrome. " 06/01/2013 - "The effect of selenium therapy on mortality in patients with sepsis syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." 04/01/2014 - "The purpose of this review is to discuss current evidence on selenium pharmaconutrition in sepsis syndrome. " 06/01/2013 - "The effect of selenium therapy on mortality in patients with sepsis syndrome: simple selenium supplementation or real (5 H2O)·Na2SeO3 pharmacological effect?*."
3.	Leukocyte Elastase (Neutrophil Elastase)IBA 03/01/2013 - "Bowel IRI induced a significant increase in serum variables indicative of organ function, cytokine concentrations, neutrophil elastase activity, and lung permeability and edema, which reflected the presence of both systemic inflammatory response syndrome and compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome. " 01/01/2013 - "Neutrophil elastase plays a crucial role in the development of acute lung injury (ALI) in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). " 06/01/2010 - "Systemic inflammatory response syndrome score at admission predicts injury severity, organ damage and serum neutrophil elastase production in trauma patients." 06/01/2008 - "Neutrophil elastase and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the initiation and development of acute lung injury among critically ill patients." 01/01/2007 - "To determine whether the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) can be predicted by the plasma neutrophil elastase level. "
4.	SodiumIBA 01/01/2014 - "Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome is an Avid and Persistent Sodium-Retaining State." 01/01/2005 - "To conduct a cost-minimisation analysis of sivelestat sodium hydrate treatment for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with acute lung injury (ALI) associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) caused by infection. " 04/01/2014 - "Sivelestat sodium hydrate (sivelestat) is a specific neutrophil elastase inhibitor that is effective in treating acute lung injury associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. " 03/01/2013 - "Sivelestat sodium hydrate is a specific neutrophil elastase inhibitor effective in acute lung injury (ALI) associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. " 05/01/2010 - "Sivelestat sodium hydrate is a selective inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, which is effective in acute lung injury associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. "
5.	CytokinesIBA 01/01/2016 - "In conclusion, the AT-I ameliorates sepsis syndrome by reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and LPS, and provides an improvement in liver and kidney functions." 03/01/2006 - "This study aimed to investigate the role of the kidney in plasma removal of some pro-inflammatory cytokines in the first 24 hr after the diagnosis of sepsis syndrome, when, according to the peak concentration hypothesis, their plasma concentration is maximal. " 02/01/2006 - "To study the dynamic changes in serum levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the effect on prognosis in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). " 04/01/2004 - "Animal and human studies suggest that proinflammatory cytokines lead to the development of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which is temporally followed by a counter anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS). " 05/01/1995 - "Interventions designed to specifically block the biological effects of single cytokines appear to have a role in the management of sepsis syndrome, but well-designed, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials in well-defined clinical populations are necessary to define this role. "
6.	procalcitoninIBA 01/01/2014 - "This study was performed to assess the value of procalcitonin (PCT) for the differential diagnosis between infectious and non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) after cardiac surgery. " 11/01/2015 - "Plasma Procalcitonin Concentration in Healthy Horses and Horses Affected by Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome." 07/01/2014 - "To assess the value of procalcitonin (PCT) for the differential diagnosis between infectious and non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) after cardiac operation. " 07/01/2014 - "[Procalcitonin for the differential diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome after cardiac operation]." 01/01/2014 - "Procalcitonin for the differential diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome after cardiac surgery."
7.	Interleukin-6 (Interleukin 6)IBA 08/01/2014 - "To investigate the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at interleukin 6 (IL-6)-174 and TNF-β NcoI in Chinese Han children in Guangzhou, China and to provide basic information for study on the association between IL-6-174 and TNF-β NcoI polymorphisms and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). " 01/01/2015 - "However, excessive production of IL-6 during this emergent process induces potentially fatal complications, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and dysregulated, persistently high expression of IL-6 causes the onset or development of various chronic immune-mediated disorders. " 09/01/2014 - "MP reduced systemic inflammatory response syndrome from 92% to 27% (P < 0.0001) (number needed to treat = 1.5), maximal plasma interleukin 6 from 186 pg/mL [interquartile range (IQR) = 113-261 pg/mL] to 20 pg/mL (IQR = 11-28 pg/mL) (P < 0.001) and fulfillment of discharge criteria was shorter [2 days (IQR = 2-4 days) vs 3 days (IQR = 3-4 days)] (P < 0.001). " 11/01/2011 - "The only parameter that was higher among patients who developed systemic inflammatory response syndrome was IL-6. " 01/01/2009 - "Thus, we speculate that acinar cell injury triggers local inflammatory reactions and, if coincided with enhanced IL-6 release, leads to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which is responsible for the mortality. "
8.	nebacumabIBA 02/13/1993 - "In patients with a Gram-negative bacteraemia the delay between the onset of the sepsis syndrome and the administration of HA-1A was longer (median 22 h versus 14.3 h in the Ziegler study, mean 30 versus 20 h). " 02/13/1993 - "[Cost-effectiveness analysis of human monoclonal antibody HA-1A in patients with sepsis syndrome]." 02/13/1993 - "Evaluation of HA-1A treatment in patients with the sepsis syndrome. " 02/13/1993 - "[Immunotherapy using the anti-endotoxin antibody HA-1A in patients with sepsis syndrome; good results in relation to treatment with placebo]." 02/13/1993 - "[Immunotherapy using the anti-endotoxin antibody HA-1A (Centoxin) in patients with sepsis syndrome; fair results following protocol selection of patients]."
9.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 10/01/2005 - "In summary the study revealed that the use of polyclonal IVIG among PICU sepsis syndrome showed a significant reduction in mortality, LOS and less progress to complications. " 07/01/1993 - "In a randomized double blind study, we analyzed the efficacy of IVIG in the infectious complications in patients at high risk of developing sepsis syndrome. " 10/01/2005 - "The results of the use of polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulins as an adjuvant in pediatric sepsis syndrome therapy are conflicting. " 05/28/2005 - "Indeed, there is evidence that a subgroup of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome presenting with signs of macrophage activation benefit from early administration of intravenous immunoglobulins. " 10/01/2001 - "Ongoing studies will document whether cardiac surgery patients with escalating systemic inflammatory response syndrome or mediastinitis will benefit from IVIg. "
10.	EnzymesIBA 03/01/2006 - "The clinical evolution is related to the acute systemic inflammatory response syndrome, due mainly to inflammatory mediators and pancreatic enzymes and to the infectious complications representing a peak in the incidence of death. " 08/01/2012 - "Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is initiated by the premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreatic acinar cells, leading to self-digestion and inflammatory responses in pancreatic ductal cells, thus giving rise to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). " 11/01/2005 - "TrAb treatment resulted in intermittent fever, chills, elevated liver enzymes, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and pulmonary leakage. " 01/01/2015 - "Signs and symptoms were: systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS 100%), fever (95%), cytopenia of ≥2 lines (70%), immunosuppression (61.5%), splenomegaly (50%), elevated liver enzymes (45%), lymphadenopathy (35%), hepatomegaly (30%). " 09/17/2012 - "During sepsis syndrome some increased cytokines might target specific mitochondrial enzymes inducing an impairment of cellular energy metabolism leading to multiple organ failure."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Artificial Respiration (Mechanical Ventilation) 06/01/2004 - "We tested the hypothesis that when mechanical ventilation-dependent (MVD) patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) develop a significant reduction in gastroduodenal blood flow, high mortality will ensue. " 03/01/2007 - "To study the effect of mechanical ventilation on vascular endothelial function in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). " 03/01/2014 - "The patients' demographic and clinical details were noted, together with the underlying aetiology, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and complications during mechanical ventilation. " 09/01/2011 - "Postoperative morbidity, duration of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and mechanical ventilation, and the time to refilling were examined. " 01/01/2010 - "Forty-two patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome on mechanical ventilation for >or=48 h were prospectively studied. "
2.	Critical Care 04/01/2003 - "These animal studies offer a possible new mechanism underlying the gut's role as the "motor" of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and suggest that intestinal epithelial apoptosis may be a novel therapeutic target in future critical care research." 06/02/2001 - "The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with the nosocomial sepsis syndrome according to the criteria of the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference. " 06/01/2015 - "A total of 176 systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) patients in Department of Critical Care Medicine of Xinxiang Medical College First Affiliated Hospital from March to November in 2014 were enrolled. " 05/01/2015 - "Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was defined using Society of Critical Care Medicine consensus definitions. " 09/01/2010 - "To determine the impact of genetic variability in complement activation on early development of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in general pediatric critical care. "
3.	Cardiopulmonary Bypass (Heart-Lung Bypass) 07/01/2008 - "General cardiopulmonary bypass and support techniques have been improved to prevent the systemic inflammatory response syndrome with capillary leakage. " 12/01/2014 - "In this study, 42 patients undergoing open heart surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass were included and divided in two groups according to the extent of clinical manifestation of inflammatory response: Group A (n=21)-patients with different severity of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and Group B (n=21)-patients with uneventful postoperative period (no SIRS). " 07/01/2007 - "Studies have demonstrated that systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) remains one of the major causes of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)-associated organ injury during pediatric cardiac surgery. " 09/26/2015 - "Cardiopulmonary bypass initiates a systemic inflammatory response syndrome that is associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality. " 08/01/2015 - "Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) frequently leads to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with concomitant organ malfunction. "
4.	Transplants (Transplant) 01/01/2015 - "We retrospectively evaluated the risk factors and the role of graft material in an increased risk of developing systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and the clinical outcome in patients who underwent EVAR or OSR of an AAA. " 05/01/1998 - "Among patients who developed weakness in the ICU, there was a predominance of organ transplant patients and patients with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiorgan dysfunction. " 07/16/1997 - "The unadjusted attack rate for sepsis syndrome between individual centers differed by as much as 3-fold, but after adjustment for institutional differences in organ transplant populations, variation from the expected number of cases was reduced to 2-fold and was not statistically significant overall. " 07/01/1995 - "Overall causes of death were ventricular failure (55.1%), triage (13.0%), arrhythmias (9.4%), graft failure (5.9%), coagulopathy (4.3%), sepsis syndrome (2.9%), device-related (0.7%), and other (0.7%). " 04/01/2008 - "Clinical implications of systemic inflammatory response syndrome following thoracic aortic stent-graft placement."
5.	Coronary Artery Bypass (Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery) 01/01/2000 - "Drew-Anderson technique attenuates systemic inflammatory response syndrome and improves respiratory function after coronary artery bypass grafting." 01/01/2007 - "Coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass can induce systemic inflammatory response syndrome. " 02/01/2002 - "To investigate the role of 3 inflammatory parameters as early markers of severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) induced by coronary artery bypass graft surgery. " 02/01/2002 - "Hyperprocalcitonemia is related to noninfectious postoperative severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome associated with cardiovascular dysfunction after coronary artery bypass graft surgery." 01/01/2002 - "The incidence of noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome associated with coronary artery bypass surgery and the potential role of several inflammatory parameters as early markers of pulmonary dysfunction induced by cardiopulmonary bypass were investigated. "