Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (Sepsis Syndrome)

A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever >38 degrees C or HYPOTHERMIA <36 degrees C; (2) TACHYCARDIA >90 beat/minute; (3) tachypnea >24 breaths/minute; (4) LEUKOCYTOSIS >12,000 cells/cubic mm or 10% immature forms. While usually related to infection, SIRS can also be associated with noninfectious insults such as TRAUMA; BURNS; or PANCREATITIS. If infection is involved, a patient with SIRS is said to have SEPSIS.

Also Known As:

Networked: 2747 relevant articles (89 outcomes, 313 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Sepsis (Septicemia)
2.	Acute Lung Injury
3.	Septic Shock (Toxic Shock Syndrome)
4.	Critical Illness (Critically Ill)
5.	Endotoxemia

Experts

1.	Gando, Satoshi: 16 articles (08/2017 - 08/2002)
2.	Giamarellos-Bourboulis, Evangelos J: 11 articles (01/2021 - 09/2002)
3.	Hayakawa, Mineji: 10 articles (08/2017 - 08/2002)
4.	Westphal, Martin: 10 articles (02/2011 - 02/2005)
5.	Yip, Hon-Kan: 9 articles (10/2021 - 12/2012)
6.	Singh, Vikesh K: 9 articles (01/2021 - 12/2011)
7.	Ogura, Hiroshi: 9 articles (01/2020 - 02/2003)
8.	Sung, Pei-Hsun: 8 articles (10/2021 - 01/2013)
9.	Bellomo, Rinaldo: 8 articles (01/2020 - 01/2004)
10.	Shapiro, Nathan I: 8 articles (01/2020 - 03/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome:

1.	sivelestatIBA 01/01/2009 - "Sivelestat has been reported to be effective for ALI associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), but the effectiveness and safety of the drug for infants has not been confirmed. " 08/01/2003 - "Clinical studies have demonstrated that Sivelestat improves this injury that is associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. " 05/01/2002 - "In a trial of ALI patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, conducted in Japan by Ono Pharmaceutical scientists, sivelestat treatment improved the investigator assessment of global improvement and the percentages of patients who were removed from ventilators and transferred out of the intensive care unit. " 07/01/2011 - "Sivelestat improved oxygenation in the postoperative period; however, there were no differences between the two groups in terms of duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and postoperative change of oxygenation. " 01/01/2017 - "To confirm the effectiveness of sivelestat, a clinical trial was conducted comparing sivelestat with conventional treatment in an open, nonrandomized, multicenter study of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)-associated acute lung injury. "
2.	CytokinesIBA 01/01/2016 - "In conclusion, the AT-I ameliorates sepsis syndrome by reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and LPS, and provides an improvement in liver and kidney functions." 03/01/2006 - "This study aimed to investigate the role of the kidney in plasma removal of some pro-inflammatory cytokines in the first 24 hr after the diagnosis of sepsis syndrome, when, according to the peak concentration hypothesis, their plasma concentration is maximal. " 02/01/2006 - "To study the dynamic changes in serum levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the effect on prognosis in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). " 04/01/2004 - "Animal and human studies suggest that proinflammatory cytokines lead to the development of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which is temporally followed by a counter anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS). " 07/01/2003 - "The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between liver and spleen innate cytokine responses and organ dysfunction in sepsis syndrome. "
3.	SeleniumIBA 06/01/2013 - "Randomized controlled parallel group trials comparing selenium supplementation in doses greater than daily requirement to placebo on the outcome of mortality in patients with sepsis syndrome. " 01/01/2022 - "We aimed to investigate whether there are associations between selenium status and the magnitude of endothelial activation and the severity of multiple organ dysfunction during the acute phase of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in children. " 04/01/2014 - "The purpose of this review is to discuss current evidence on selenium pharmaconutrition in sepsis syndrome. " 06/01/2013 - "Patients with sepsis syndrome commonly have low serum selenium levels. " 06/01/2010 - "Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is characterized by increased urinary excretion of selenium and low serum concentration. "
4.	SodiumIBA 02/01/2016 - "Predictive factors for ACLF development were systemic inflammatory response syndrome (odds ratio [OR], 2.239; P < 0.001), serum sodium level (OR, 0.939; P = 0.029), and neutrophil count (OR, 1.000; P = 0.021). " 11/01/2019 - "Furthermore, we compared qSOFA to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), model of end stage liver disease score (MELD), and Child-Pugh criteria and evaluated whether addition of sodium (Na+) levels to qSOFA increases its prognostic performance. " 01/01/2014 - "Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome is an Avid and Persistent Sodium-Retaining State." 01/01/2023 - "Sivelestat sodium is an NE inhibitor that can inhibit the inflammatory reaction during systemic inflammatory response syndrome and alleviate lung injury. " 01/01/2005 - "To conduct a cost-minimisation analysis of sivelestat sodium hydrate treatment for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with acute lung injury (ALI) associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) caused by infection. "
5.	AntioxidantsIBA 01/01/2017 - "Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants and Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Treatment of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)." 01/01/2023 - "Purpose: Sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) encompass various problems throughout the body, and two of its major problems are the creation of oxidative substances in the body and decrease of the body's antioxidant capacity to deal with the stress and organ damage. " 09/01/2007 - "Antioxidant supplementation in sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome." 07/01/2011 - "We evaluated pro- and anti-oxidant disturbances in sepsis and non-sepsis burn patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). " 09/01/2008 - "Prophylactic administration of NAC or beta GLU similarly ameliorated sepsis syndrome by reduction of the proinflammatory cytokines and increase of the anti-inflammatory cytokine levels and accession of cellular antioxidants, which protect cells from oxidative stress, thereby recruiting inflammatory cells into tissue."
6.	EndotoxinsIBA 01/01/2020 - "Our in vivo studies revealed that myeloid-KLF6-deficient mice were highly resistant to endotoxin-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome symptomatology and mortality. " 10/01/1994 - "To study circulatory endotoxin (ET) in patients with sepsis syndrome (SS) in order to answer three questions: (a) How often and at which concentration is ET present in the plasma of patients with SS and is the presence of ET a prognostic marker in this situation? " 01/01/2022 - "Many bacteria and endotoxins migrate to the circulatory system and lymphatic system, leading to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and even damaging the function of multiple organs throughout the body. " 11/01/2014 - "Experimentally exogenous administration of cell-wall specific bacteriocidal drugs are known to precipitate endotoxin release and contribute to development of the sepsis syndrome. " 05/22/2013 - "Systemic administration of endotoxin, which closely mimics the bacteria-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) can ultimately lead to organ failure. "
7.	EnzymesIBA 03/01/2006 - "The clinical evolution is related to the acute systemic inflammatory response syndrome, due mainly to inflammatory mediators and pancreatic enzymes and to the infectious complications representing a peak in the incidence of death. " 02/01/2023 - "The Use of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) and Elevated Liver Enzymes as Predictive Factors of Gangrenous Cholecystitis: A Case Report." 01/01/2020 - "Second, it now appears that hypovolemic shock leads to systemic inflammatory response syndrome principally through the entry of digestive enzymes into the intestinal interstitial space and the subsequent progression of enzymes and inflammatory agents through the mesenteric lymphatic system to the general circulation. " 01/01/2012 - "Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is initiated by the premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreatic acinar cells, leading to self-digestion and inflammatory responses in pancreatic ductal cells, thus giving rise to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). " 11/01/2005 - "TrAb treatment resulted in intermittent fever, chills, elevated liver enzymes, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and pulmonary leakage. "
8.	Leukocyte Elastase (Neutrophil Elastase)IBA 01/01/2013 - "Neutrophil elastase plays a crucial role in the development of acute lung injury (ALI) in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). " 06/01/2010 - "Systemic inflammatory response syndrome score at admission predicts injury severity, organ damage and serum neutrophil elastase production in trauma patients." 06/01/2008 - "Neutrophil elastase and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the initiation and development of acute lung injury among critically ill patients." 01/01/2007 - "To determine whether the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) can be predicted by the plasma neutrophil elastase level. " 04/01/2013 - "Sivelestat, a selective inhibitor of neutrophil elastase, has been reported to reduce acute lung injury associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. "
9.	ProcalcitoninIBA 01/09/2021 - "The area under the curve of procalcitonin was 0.927 (P < 0.001), and the cutoff value of procalcitonin that maximizes the area under the curve was calculated to be 0.87 ng/mL. According to our study, routine laboratory tests have insufficient accuracy in diagnosing sepsis syndrome. " 01/01/2014 - "This study was performed to assess the value of procalcitonin (PCT) for the differential diagnosis between infectious and non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) after cardiac surgery. " 11/01/2019 - "The value of procalcitonin in systemic inflammatory response syndrome after open-heart surgery for CHD." 01/01/2019 - "Procalcitonin (PCT) is a useful marker for the diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. " 04/01/2018 - "Plasma procalcitonin concentration in healthy calves and those with septic systemic inflammatory response syndrome."
10.	Interleukin-6 (Interleukin 6)IBA 08/01/2014 - "To investigate the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at interleukin 6 (IL-6)-174 and TNF-β NcoI in Chinese Han children in Guangzhou, China and to provide basic information for study on the association between IL-6-174 and TNF-β NcoI polymorphisms and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). " 01/01/2022 - "Systemic inflammatory response syndrome plus CRP was more accurate than systemic inflammatory response syndrome plus IL-6 (AUC 0.79 vs. 0.72) for the prediction of SAP. " 01/01/2018 - "However, dysregulated excessive and persistent synthesis of IL-6 has a pathological effect on, respectively, acute systemic inflammatory response syndrome and chronic immune-mediated diseases. " 01/01/2016 - "Interleukin 6 is a reliable predictor of postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and it is able to detect postoperative system inflammatory response syndrome before the onset of related clinical symptoms. " 01/01/2015 - "However, excessive production of IL-6 during this emergent process induces potentially fatal complications, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and dysregulated, persistently high expression of IL-6 causes the onset or development of various chronic immune-mediated disorders. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 09/01/1999 - "Although a number of strategies have been utilized to curb the progression of systemic inflammatory response syndrome with immune or inflammatory modulating therapies, none of these interventions has resulted in significant improvement in survival, and some have proven deleterious. " 12/07/2012 - "A-ADMSC therapy protected major organs from damage and improved prognosis in rats with sepsis syndrome." 03/01/2003 - "As new therapies become available for patients with sepsis syndromes, the ability to predict mortality risk may be helpful in triage and treatment decisions." 08/01/2012 - "Deteriorated general condition with signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome improved with supportive therapy, and the patient was discharged from hospital after 30 days. " 01/15/2001 - "Therapies aimed at inhibiting lymphoid cell apoptosis may contribute to improved outcome, and should be considered in the treatment of hospitalized patients with sepsis syndromes. "
2.	Critical Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 03/01/2021 - "Some studies based on the general population demonstrated that the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score is more accurate than the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria to predict hospital mortality of infected patients requiring intensive care. " 01/01/2019 - "CADDIE2-evaluation of a clinical decision-support system for early detection of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in paediatric intensive care: study protocol for a diagnostic study." 11/01/2017 - "In this study, we introduce the novel outcome of "received critical care intervention" and investigate the related predictive performance of both the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment and the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome criteria. " 05/01/2015 - "Early physical rehabilitation in intensive care patients with sepsis syndromes: a pilot randomised controlled trial." 04/01/2003 - "These animal studies offer a possible new mechanism underlying the gut's role as the "motor" of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and suggest that intestinal epithelial apoptosis may be a novel therapeutic target in future critical care research."
3.	Length of Stay 06/01/2019 - "Time from onset of symptoms to recovery was less for SIAPRD than for PCD, MARPN, or SIPN (median, 45 vs 102 vs 80 vs 67 days; P < .05).SIAPRD remedy evidently improved outcomes, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome, number of interventions, length of hospital stay and overall cost. " 06/15/2022 - "UAS usage correlated with elevated radiation exposure in seconds (94 vs. 61; p < 0.0001), prolonged operation time in minutes (99 vs. 66, p < 0.0001), length of hospital stay over 48 h (LOS, 22.49% vs. 10.81%; p = 0.015), more frequent postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS, 13.27% vs. 4.32%; p = 0.013) and lower postoperative stone-free rates (60.20% vs. 78.92%; p = 0.0013). " 01/01/2022 - "Outcomes were mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, hospital stay, and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) at 24, 48, and 72 h. " 12/01/2021 - "A total of 340 (35.9%) patients met criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and 88 (9.3%) underwent an intervention; median length of stay was 3.5 days. " 12/01/2021 - "The primary outcome was severity of disease presentation represented by systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria; secondary outcomes included intensive care unit admission, length of stay, and invasive interventions. "
4.	Artificial Respiration (Mechanical Ventilation) 06/01/2004 - "We tested the hypothesis that when mechanical ventilation-dependent (MVD) patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) develop a significant reduction in gastroduodenal blood flow, high mortality will ensue. " 03/01/2007 - "To study the effect of mechanical ventilation on vascular endothelial function in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). " 09/01/2020 - "These are secondary to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and immunosuppressive responses to surgery and mechanical ventilation. " 01/01/2020 - "We investigated the ability of the scores for the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) to predict in-hospital mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation (MV) requirement. " 03/01/2014 - "The patients' demographic and clinical details were noted, together with the underlying aetiology, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and complications during mechanical ventilation. "
5.	Hemodiafiltration 01/01/2014 - "His kidney function recovered gradually after continuous administration of hemodiafiltration; however, PSP continued to rise up to 6,051, along with high systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II values. " 08/01/2005 - "Furthermore, it has been reported that continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) can remove the excess humoral mediators during the hypercytokinemic state of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). " 06/01/2002 - "On the other hand, it has been reported that continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) removes humoral mediators on hypercytokinemic patients such as those with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. " 11/01/2010 - "Mechanically ventilated patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiorgan system dysfunction demonstrated a precarious and insignificant response to 48 hrs of continuous renal replacement therapy in a hemodiafiltration mode. " 06/01/2001 - "One case was complicated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and required plasmapheresis and continuous hemodiafiltration. "