General Anesthetics

Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p.173)

Also Known As:

Networked: 152 relevant articles (4 outcomes, 12 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Abraini, Jacques H: 2 articles (11/2014 - 01/2007)
2.	Prangé, Thierry: 2 articles (11/2014 - 01/2007)
3.	Colloc'h, Nathalie: 2 articles (11/2014 - 01/2007)
4.	Franks, Nicholas P: 2 articles (10/2014 - 02/2011)
5.	Todorovic, Slobodan M: 2 articles (08/2012 - 06/2010)
6.	Luo, Tao: 2 articles (03/2012 - 09/2009)
7.	Orser, Beverley A: 2 articles (02/2011 - 11/2009)
8.	Solt, Ken: 2 articles (02/2010 - 08/2007)
9.	Gamo, Sumiko: 2 articles (01/2007 - 02/2002)
10.	Li, Chang-Qi: 1 article (12/2015)

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches) 12/01/2015 - "Recent studies have shown that anxiety-like behaviors also develop with acute surgical pain, but the effects of general anesthetics on acute pain-related anxiety are unknown. " 10/01/2014 - "General anesthetics mitigate distress and exaggerated hemodynamic responses to pain and stressful stimulation, allowing surgery and diagnostic procedures to be performed worldwide in millions of children every year. " 07/11/2012 - "The effects of general anesthetics on chronic pain and the mechanisms are still unclear. " 01/01/2008 - "This would help elucidate the mechanism of antivisceral nociception by general anesthetics at the cellular and molecular levels and aid in development of novel therapeutic strategies to improve clinical management of visceral pain." 01/01/2008 - "Current evidence suggests an analgesic role for the spinal cord action of general anesthetics; however, the cellular population and intracellular mechanisms underlying anti-visceral pain by general anesthetics still remain unclear. "
2.	Ischemia 01/01/2014 - "Indeed, if general anesthetics could provide therapeutic benefit in the event of hypoxia, ischemia or any other kinds of brain lesions, that would be of tremendous clinical importance. " 06/01/2005 - "Experimental data indicate that clinical concentrations of volatile general anesthetics protect the myocardium from ischemia and reperfusion injury, as shown by decreased infarct size and a more rapid recovery of contractile function on reperfusion. " 01/01/2002 - "General anesthetics reduce neuronal death caused by focal cerebral ischemia in rodents and by in vitro ischemia in cultured neurons and brain slices. " 01/01/2005 - "Since general anesthetics such as thiopental and ketamine are thought to provide some degree of cerebral protection, this study was intended to 1) compare the effectiveness of ketamine and thiopental on ischemia-induced tissue damage; and, if so, 2) determine whether attenuation of the increased amino acid release is the sole mechanism for the protective effects demonstrated. " 04/01/2009 - "Mechanisms of neuroprotection encompass energy deficits in brain arising from insufficient oxygen and glucose levels following respiratory failure; ischemia or stroke, which produce metabolic stresses that lead to unconsciousness and seizures; and the effects of general anesthetics. "
3.	Hypothermia 01/01/2015 - "Therefore, we conclude that, AEP latency is superior to amplitude for the effects of general anesthetics, ∆L monitors the effect of hypothermia on nerve fibers, and ∆I monitors a combined effect of anesthesia and hypothermia on synapses. " 09/01/1995 - "All general anesthetics markedly impair thermoregulatory responses; nonetheless, sufficient hyperthermia or hypothermia will trigger most protective reflexes. "
4.	Hemolysis 06/01/1976 - "Furthermore, such pressures do not remove the protection against hypotonic hemolysis conferred by the presence of general anesthetics to more than a negligible extent." 11/01/2009 - "Effects of different general anesthetics on serum hemolysis and hepatic and muscular glycogenolysis in rats."
5.	Unconsciousness (Loss of Consciousness) 03/01/2014 - "Brain imaging studies suggest that loss of consciousness induced by general anesthetics is associated with impairment of thalamic function. " 08/01/2015 - "General anesthetics (GA) are well known for the ability to induce a state of reversible loss of consciousness and unresponsiveness to painful stimuli. " 10/01/2014 - "How general anesthetics cause loss of consciousness is unknown. " 01/01/2014 - "Thus, stability analysis offers a novel way of quantifying changes in neuronal activity that characterize loss of consciousness induced by general anesthetics. " 03/05/2012 - "General anesthetics induce loss of consciousness by inhibiting ascending arousal pathways, and they interfere with gap junction electrical coupling. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Ketamine
2.	Thiopental (Pentothal)
3.	Opioid Analgesics (Opioids)
4.	Propofol (Diprivan)
5.	Isoflurane
6.	Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol)
7.	Neurotransmitter Agents (Neurotransmitter)
8.	Urethane (Ethyl Carbamate)
9.	Formaldehyde (Formol)
10.	Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Anesthesia
2.	Analgesia
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
4.	Hypnosis (Mesmerism)
5.	General Anesthesia