Soft Tissue Infections

Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)

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Networked: 1560 relevant articles (141 outcomes, 205 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Pneumonia (Pneumonitis)
3.	Urinary Tract Infections (Urinary Tract Infection)
4.	Respiratory Tract Infections (Respiratory Tract Infection)
5.	Endocarditis

Experts

1.	Jones, Ronald N: 15 articles (02/2015 - 08/2002)
2.	Sader, Helio S: 12 articles (02/2015 - 08/2004)
3.	Joukhadar, Christian: 10 articles (06/2010 - 05/2003)
4.	Eckmann, Christian: 9 articles (10/2015 - 11/2010)
5.	Falagas, Matthew E: 8 articles (04/2012 - 08/2006)
6.	Müller, Markus: 8 articles (09/2007 - 05/2003)
7.	Bassetti, Matteo: 7 articles (09/2015 - 01/2010)
8.	Nathwani, Dilip: 6 articles (07/2015 - 02/2004)
9.	Haider, Seema: 6 articles (01/2015 - 07/2010)
10.	Zeitlinger, Markus: 6 articles (09/2014 - 05/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Soft Tissue Infections:

1.	linezolid (Zyvox)FDA Link 05/01/2009 - "Linezolid may be considered as a cost-effective treatment for patients with complicated skin and soft-tissue infections suspected to be MRSA related in France." 07/01/2015 - "Phase III clinical trials have demonstrated that TDZ 200 mg daily for 6 days is noninferior to linezolid 600 mg twice daily for 10 days in the treatment of adults with skin and soft tissue infections caused or suspected to be caused by gram-positive organisms. " 04/01/2003 - "A severity score for complicated skin and soft tissue infections derived from phase III studies of linezolid." 01/01/2003 - "Results from this randomized trial show that linezolid can significantly reduce LOS for patients with complicated skin and soft tissue infections from suspected or confirmed methicillin-resistant staphylococci." 09/01/2014 - "Target site pharmacokinetics of linezolid after single and multiple doses in diabetic patients with soft tissue infection."
2.	DaptomycinFDA Link 08/01/2010 - "Daptomycin is a novel antibiotic with activity against many Gram-positive organisms that has demonstrated efficacy in the management of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). " 10/01/2013 - "Safety and efficacy of daptomycin as first-line treatment for complicated skin and soft tissue infections in elderly patients: an open-label, multicentre, randomized phase IIIb trial." 09/01/2015 - "Correlation between pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indices and clinical outcomes in Japanese patients with skin and soft tissue infections treated with daptomycin: analysis of a phase III study." 06/01/2013 - "This study investigates the efficacy and safety of daptomycin in Japanese patients with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) for regulatory filing in Japan. " 04/01/2013 - "Effectiveness and safety of daptomycin in complicated skin and soft-tissue infections and bacteraemia in clinical practice: results of a large non-interventional study."
3.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 01/01/1984 - "Beta-lactam antibiotics are highly effective against most bacteria causing skin and soft tissue infections. " 08/03/1979 - "We found it effective in treating 14 of 17 patients with mild to moderately severe anaerobic or mixed aerobic/anaerobic pleuropulmonary of soft-tissue infections when adjunctive measures (eg, drainage, débridement, and the use of additional antibiotics to treat important aerobic pathogens) were employed. " 06/01/2006 - "cMRSA skin and soft tissue infections can be successfully treated with orally administered antibiotics to which the organism has demonstrable in vitro susceptibility." 10/01/2014 - "The objective of this study was to document pan-European real-world treatment patterns and healthcare resource use and estimate opportunities for early switch (ES) from intravenous (IV) to oral antibiotics and early discharge (ED) in hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTIs). " 07/01/2014 - "The objective of this study was to determine characteristics associated with ED performance of incision and drainage (I+D) and use of adjuvant antibiotics in the management of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI). "
4.	Clindamycin (Cleocin)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1990 - "It is concluded that clindamycin is a safe and effective agent in the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections." 09/01/2012 - "In this prospective, observational study of 618 consecutive adult patients with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the clinical characteristics, molecular epidemiology, and outcome of patients with clindamycin-resistant MRSA (n = 64) and clindamycin-susceptible MRSA (n = 554) were compared (including factors predictive of clindamycin-resistant MRSA SSTI). " 01/01/1991 - "Numerous studies have demonstrated that single agents, including this combination, are as efficacious as clindamycin plus an aminoglycoside in treating gynecologic soft tissue infections. " 07/01/2015 - "Clindamycin is an excellent drug for skin and soft tissue infections, but resistance mediated by the inducible phenotype (iMLS(B)) leads to in vivo therapeutic failure even though there may be in vitro susceptibility. " 01/01/2015 - "In 2012, blood, skin and soft tissue infections caused by clindamycin resistant Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus; GAS) appeared to be increasing in the Helsinki metropolitan area. "
5.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 04/27/1987 - "This study also demonstrates the efficacy of ciprofloxacin in soft tissue infection." 05/01/1987 - "The clinical efficacy of ciprofloxacin was evaluated with 21 patients with soft tissue infection due mainly to gram-negative aerobic bacteria. " 02/01/2005 - "For the in vivo experiments, 725 +/- 9 MBq [18F]ciprofloxacin was injected intravenously into four patients with microbiologically proven bacterial soft tissue infections of the lower extremities and time-radioactivity curves were recorded in infected and uninfected tissue for 5 h after tracer injection. " 02/01/1990 - "At that time it was realized that although the ciprofloxacin regimen prescribed was a usual dose for a skin and soft-tissue infection, it was excessive for her degree of renal function. " 05/01/1987 - "Clinical efficacy and levels of ciprofloxacin in tissue in patients with soft tissue infection."
6.	VancomycinFDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2015 - "Vancomycin was given frequently to patients discharged home from the ED, most commonly for conditions where vancomycin was not indicated, such as skin and soft tissue infections. " 07/01/2015 - "Vancomycin has been considered the standard of care for treatment of Gram-positive skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs). " 07/01/2015 - "Review of meta-analyses of vancomycin compared with new treatments for Gram-positive skin and soft-tissue infections: Are we any clearer?" 04/01/2014 - "Despite concerns regarding efficacy and tolerability, vancomycin continues to be the standard treatment for skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) when β-lactam antimicrobials cannot be used. " 02/01/2014 - "Intravenous vancomycin is the standard empiric treatment for complicated skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) due to its coverage against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). "
7.	Cefaclor (Ceclor)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1985 - "A double-blind comparative study of S6472 and cefaclor (CCL) was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy, safety and usefulness in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections. " 01/01/1979 - "Cefaclor appears to be an effective orally absorbed cephalosporin for common skin and soft tissue infections." 01/01/1979 - "In clinical studies of patients with skin and soft tissue infections, cefaclor proved effective. " 01/01/1979 - "Clinical and laboratory studies with cefaclor: efficacy in skin and soft tissue infections." 03/01/1985 - "S6472 was orally administered to 33 patients with skin and soft tissue infections in 2 divided doses. "
8.	Ofloxacin (Levofloxacin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1991 - "We evaluated the safety and efficacy of ofloxacin administered both by the intravenous route and orally in 26 men with serious skin and soft tissue infection. " 05/01/2004 - "The present study addressed the ability of levofloxacin to penetrate into subcutaneous adipose tissues in patients with soft tissue infection. " 01/01/2008 - "[Levofloxacin in complex therapy of patients with skin and soft tissue infections]." 05/01/2004 - "Tissue pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in human soft tissue infections." 04/01/2003 - "Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic commonly used to treat respiratory, urinary tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. "
9.	Azithromycin (Zithromax)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2009 - "Azithromycin is an azalide class of antibiotic with pharmacodynamics that have made it a valuable agent in the treatment of soft tissue infections. " 05/01/1995 - "Azithromycin given once daily for 3 days has also been shown to be effective in the treatment of respiratory tract and skin and soft tissue infections in children. " 01/01/2003 - "The efficacy of azithromycin for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections in adults and children is well established. " 10/15/2012 - "Azithromycin, a broad-spectrum macrolide used orally or intravenously for the treatment of respiratory tract, skin and soft tissue infections, was selected because of its pharmacokinetic and therapeutic properties. " 04/15/2004 - "Two regimens of azithromycin prophylaxis against community-acquired respiratory and skin/soft-tissue infections among military trainees."
10.	TeicoplaninIBA 09/01/1991 - "In this study, teicoplanin appeared to be safe, efficacious, and convenient for both hospital staff and patients, and potentially cost-effective for the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections. " 09/01/1994 - "In this study, once daily teicoplanin appeared to be safe and effective therapy for skin and soft tissue infections." 01/01/1988 - "We conclude that this new antibiotic, teicoplanin, is safe and effective in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections. " 09/01/1994 - "In this study, we examined the efficacy and safety of teicoplanin for parenteral treatment of skin and soft tissue infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. " 09/01/1991 - "To study the efficacy and safety of teicoplanin for skin and soft-tissue infections, 75 patients received teicoplanin intravenously (38) or intramuscularly (37, of which 16 were outpatients). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Catheters 10/01/2010 - "Minimising unnecessarily prolonged i.v. fluid infusion and avoidance of insertion in the lower extremity may significantly reduce the incidence of peripheral i.v. catheter-related soft tissue infection in the study hospitals." 08/01/2012 - "We report a case of catheter-related Scedosporium apiospermum soft-tissue infection. " 08/01/2012 - "Scedosporium apiospermum catheter-related soft-tissue infection: a case report and review of the literature." 10/01/2010 - "We conducted a matched case-control study to investigate risk factors for peripheral i.v. catheter-related soft tissue infections in hospitalised patients. " 10/01/2010 - "Soft tissue infections related to peripheral intravenous catheters in hospitalised patients: a case-control study."
2.	Debridement 10/01/2015 - "Necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections (NSTI) form a group of aggressive diseases that require radical debridement for infection control. " 01/01/2015 - "However, the utility of frozen section analysis for margin evaluation in debridement of skin/soft tissue infection has not been published. " 06/01/2014 - "Necrotizing soft-tissue infections (NSTI) have high morbidity and mortality rates despite aggressive surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy. " 01/01/2014 - "The early diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infection may be challenging, but the key to successful management of patients with necrotizing soft tissue infection are early recognition and complete surgical debridement. " 12/01/2013 - "All methods have one principle in common: adequate surgical debridement is the prerequisite for successful treatment of bone, joint and soft tissue infections. "
3.	Transplants (Transplant) 01/01/2015 - "Presentation is commonly as soft tissue infections several months post-transplant. " 09/01/2013 - "The precise anatomic localization of increased (18)F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT enables accurate differentiation between graft and adjacent soft tissue infection leading to more accurate diagnosis and subsequent optimized therapeutic strategy. " 02/01/2013 - "Phaeoacremonium parasiticum is a dematiaceous fungus first described as a cause of soft tissue infection in a renal transplant patient. " 08/01/2009 - "We report 3 cases of cryptococcal necrotizing soft tissue infection, 2 in renal transplant patients, and 1 in a heart transplant patient, and discuss similar cases from the literature. " 02/01/2009 - "The precise anatomic localization of increased FDG uptake provided by PET/CT enables accurate differentiation between graft and adjacent soft tissue infection leading to more accurate diagnosis and subsequent optimized therapeutic strategy."
4.	Oral Administration 12/01/2006 - "The objective of this study was to test the prophylactic effects of oral administration of active hexose correlated compound (AHCC), a natural immunoenhancer, on survival in a mouse model of surgical soft tissue infection. " 01/01/1985 - "Ciprofloxacin may be particularly effective for oral administration in infections requiring prolonged antibiotic therapy, such as bone, joint, and complicated soft tissue infections, and in pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis."
5.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 08/01/2013 - "Klebsiella necrotizing soft tissue infections in liver transplant recipients: a case series." 04/01/2013 - "Fatal Escherichia coli skin and soft tissue infections in liver transplant recipients: report of three cases." 02/27/2013 - "Acremonium skin and soft tissue infection in a kidney transplant recipient." 02/01/2009 - "We report a case of severe soft tissue infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans in a renal transplant recipient. " 09/01/2008 - "Interesting and important new findings about skin and soft tissue infections in transplant recipients are the focus of this review."