Blue Toe Syndrome

A condition that is caused by recurring atheroembolism in the lower extremities. It is characterized by cyanotic discoloration of the toes, usually the first, fourth, and fifth toes. Discoloration may extend to the lateral aspect of the foot. Despite the gangrene-like appearance, blue toes may respond to conservative therapy without amputation.

Also Known As:

Networked: 45 relevant articles (3 outcomes, 2 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Ischemia
2.	Acute Kidney Injury (Acute Renal Failure)
3.	Renal Insufficiency (Renal Failure)
4.	Pain (Aches)
5.	Livedo Reticularis

Experts

1.	Saric, Muhamed: 2 articles (06/2012 - 11/2011)
2.	Kronzon, Itzhak: 2 articles (06/2012 - 11/2011)
3.	Freeman, M B: 2 articles (09/2001 - 02/2001)
4.	Stevens, S L: 2 articles (09/2001 - 02/2001)
5.	Timaran, C H: 2 articles (09/2001 - 02/2001)
6.	Goldman, M H: 2 articles (09/2001 - 02/2001)
7.	Settembrini, Alberto M: 1 article (12/2015)
8.	Tassinari, Luca: 1 article (12/2015)
9.	Carmo, Michele: 1 article (12/2015)
10.	Roveri, Sergio: 1 article (12/2015)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Blue Toe Syndrome:

1.	CholesterolIBA 01/01/1996 - "Cholesterol cristal embolization evolves in 3 clinical forms: 1-the paucisymptomatic form, not diagnosed during subject's lifetime and only recognized in autopsy studies; 2-a benign form such as the blue toe syndrome or cutaneous livedo, with a spontaneous mild prognosis, and 3-a diffuse multisystemic form with a very poor prognosis. " 07/01/2012 - "The other of the devastating complications has been called cholesterol crystal embolization or blue toe syndrome, meaning scattered embolization by small cholesterol crystals towards splanchnic organs or lower extremities respectively, which has also known to be critical. " 03/01/2006 - "In this article, we describe two cases of severe cholesterol crystal embolization accompanied by renal dysfunction) and blue toe syndrome. " 09/01/2001 - "Blue toe syndrome caused by cholesterol emboli is a relatively benign disease. " 06/17/1998 - "The clinical presentation of cholesterol emboli is variable ranging from a localized blue toe syndrome to a multisystem disease. "
2.	CreatinineIBA 01/01/2007 - "A 74-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of hypertension, blue toe syndrome and an elevation of serum creatinine from 0.8 to 1.4 mg/dl for eleven months. " 05/01/2006 - "Two months after CABG, pain and blueness in the toes (blue toe syndrome) appeared and, the serum creatinine level (S-Cr) increased from 1.2 to 2.0 mg/dL. " 10/01/2008 - "The diagnosis of CCE is suggested by the gradual onset of peripheral cutaneous manifestations (e.g., livedo reticularis, blue toe syndrome) accompanied by progressive increases in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels following an invasive arterial procedure. "
3.	Antiphospholipid AntibodiesIBA 12/01/1990 - "Corticosteroid-associated blue toe syndrome: role of antiphospholipid antibodies." 06/01/2010 - "Although acral ischemia can involve several underlying mechanisms, suspicion of lupus warrants testing for antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with blue toe syndrome."
4.	AnticoagulantsIBA 01/01/1988 - "Blue toe syndrome: treatment with anticoagulants and delayed percutaneous transluminal angioplasty." 11/01/1996 - "The findings of complex atheromas associated with mobile highly echodense linear structures by transesophageal echocardiography may be predictive of reembolization in patients with blue toe syndrome who are taking anticoagulants." 11/01/1996 - "We describe the sonographic appearance of atherosclerotic plaques in the thoracic aorta imaged by transesophageal echocardiography in 2 patients with blue toe syndrome who had reembolization while taking therapeutic levels of anticoagulants. "
5.	Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor (Lupus Anticoagulant)IBA 03/01/2002 - "A vitamin K antagonist rapidly reverses a blue toe syndrome in a patient with lupus anticoagulant and antiprothrombin antibodies."
6.	Warfarin (Coumadin)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2008 - "A 25-year-old man with a history of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary emboli, and myocardial infarction, and receiving long-term anticoagulation with warfarin, all due to primary antiphospholipid syndrome, presented with blue toe syndrome from a primary superficial femoral artery thrombus. "
7.	Vitamin KFDA Link 03/01/2002 - "A vitamin K antagonist rapidly reverses a blue toe syndrome in a patient with lupus anticoagulant and antiprothrombin antibodies."
8.	Urea (Carbamide)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2008 - "The diagnosis of CCE is suggested by the gradual onset of peripheral cutaneous manifestations (e.g., livedo reticularis, blue toe syndrome) accompanied by progressive increases in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels following an invasive arterial procedure. "
9.	Phenprocoumon (Liquamar)FDA Link 03/01/2002 - "Complete resolution of the blue toe syndrome occurred within 72 hours following 9 mg phenprocoumon. "
10.	NitrogenIBA 10/01/2008 - "The diagnosis of CCE is suggested by the gradual onset of peripheral cutaneous manifestations (e.g., livedo reticularis, blue toe syndrome) accompanied by progressive increases in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels following an invasive arterial procedure. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Angioplasty (Angioplasty, Transluminal) 03/01/2002 - "Angioplasty with stenting is effective in treating blue toe syndrome." 03/01/2002 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the treatment and outcome of a series of patients with unilateral blue toe syndrome treated with percutaneous angioplasty and stenting. " 09/01/2001 - "Indications for iliac angioplasty with stenting were disabling claudication (65%), limb salvage (33%), and blue toe syndrome (2%). " 02/01/2001 - "Indications for iliac angioplasty with stenting were disabling claudication (65%), limb salvage (32%), and blue toe syndrome (3%). " 01/01/1988 - "Blue toe syndrome: treatment with anticoagulants and delayed percutaneous transluminal angioplasty."
2.	Blood Component Removal (Apheresis) 05/01/2006 - "The data just after LDL apheresis was performed 10 times were as follows: Eo 1,120/microL, S-Cr 4.0 mg/dL, and LDL 89 mg/dL, and blue toe syndrome had disappeared. " 05/01/2006 - "As a result, LDL apheresis was found to be beneficial for the treatment of CE with acute renal failure and blue toe syndrome after CABG."
3.	Limb Salvage 08/01/2003 - "Indications for revascularization were disabling claudication (73%), limb salvage (25%), and blue toe syndrome (2%). " 09/01/2001 - "Indications for iliac angioplasty with stenting were disabling claudication (65%), limb salvage (33%), and blue toe syndrome (2%). " 02/01/2001 - "Indications for iliac angioplasty with stenting were disabling claudication (65%), limb salvage (32%), and blue toe syndrome (3%). " 11/01/1976 - "Along with the other well-known features of chronic severe ischemia, that is, rest pain, gangrene, etc, the "blue toe" syndrome is therefore an indication for limb salvage surgery."
4.	Transplants (Transplant) 07/01/1993 - "The "blue-toe" syndrome as a harbinger of impending infrainguinal vein graft failure: a report of three cases." 05/01/2005 - "Four EVAR-associated complications were observed: periinterventional dissection of femoral artery (n = 1), blue toe syndrome (n = 1), and stent-graft disconnection (n = 2). " 10/01/2011 - "We report a case in which a Zenith stent-graft became infected after endovascular aneurysm repair to treat an abdominal aortic aneurysm and blue toe syndrome. " 12/01/2015 - "In 42 cases the aneurysm was symptomatic (54.5%) for chronic limb ischemia, with intermittent claudication in 18 patients, acute ischemia in 17, blue toe syndrome in 3, compression on adjacent structures in 3, and rupture with severe acute pain in 1. All PA repairs consisted of aneurysmectomy with an interposition graft with end-to-end anastomoses; among MA repairs, 22 interposition grafts and 12 bypasses were performed. "
5.	Atherectomy 09/01/2007 - "A 45-year-old woman who presented with blue toe syndrome was treated with atherectomy for a focal plaque located in the superficial femoral artery. " 07/01/1992 - "Atherectomy of the distal aorta using a "kissing-balloon" technique for the treatment of blue toe syndrome." 12/01/1989 - "Blue toe syndrome: treatment with percutaneous atherectomy." 12/01/1989 - "Percutaneous atherectomy is an effective method of treating embologenic superficial femoral stenoses in patients with ipsilateral blue toe syndrome."