Blue Nevus

Usually a benign tumor, that commonly presents as a solitary blue nodule with spindled MELANOCYTES covered by smooth SKIN. Several variants have been identified, one variant being malignant. The blue color is caused by large, densely packed melanocytes deep in the DERMIS of the nevus. In CHILDREN, they usually occur on the BUTTOCKS and LUMBOSACRAL REGION and are referred to as cellular blue nevi. Malignant blue nevi are more commonly found on the SCALP.

Also Known As:

Networked: 125 relevant articles (2 outcomes, 9 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Melanoma (Melanoma, Malignant)
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Seborrheic Keratosis
4.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)
5.	Cysts

Experts

1.	Scolyer, Richard A: 4 articles (03/2017 - 11/2009)
2.	Mihm, Martin C: 3 articles (03/2017 - 11/2007)
3.	Kutzner, Heinz: 3 articles (01/2017 - 02/2002)
4.	Zembowicz, Artur: 3 articles (01/2017 - 11/2007)
5.	Elder, David E: 3 articles (09/2016 - 12/2004)
6.	Bresler, Scott C: 2 articles (06/2022 - 03/2017)
7.	Castelli, Elena: 2 articles (12/2018 - 12/2008)
8.	Murali, Rajmohan: 2 articles (01/2017 - 11/2009)
9.	Rütten, Arno: 2 articles (01/2017 - 04/2004)
10.	Elenitsas, Rosalie: 2 articles (09/2016 - 12/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Blue Nevus:

1.	Melanins (Melanin)IBA 01/01/2011 - "Given that mutations in GNAQ represent dominant dark skin (Dsk) mutations caused by increased dermal melanin, the primary aim of this study was to ascertain whether amelanotic/hypomelanotic blue nevi exhibited somatic mutations in GNAQ like their melanotic counterpart. " 09/01/1997 - "This study describes 9 cases of hypopigmented blue nevus (HBN), a variant of common blue nevus in which there is minimal identifiable melanin pigment. " 06/01/1969 - "Electron microscopic study of melanin-phagocytosis by cutaneous vessels in cellular blue nevus." 11/11/2021 - "It often associates with melanin lesion such as congenital ocular melanocytosis and blue nevus. " 01/01/2017 - "Very heavy melanin pigmentation involving both the epidermis and dermis interfered with dermatopathological assessment, which initially leads to a diagnosis of nail matrix blue nevus. "
2.	neodymium pyrocatechin disulfonate (NPD)IBA 03/01/2007 - "Qualitative assessment suggested that melanin appeared darker and blue nevi had more shades of blue on PD compared with NPD images; vessels and red areas were better visualized with PD, suggesting that PD may be helpful in identifying malignancies; milialike cysts and comedolike openings were better visualized with NPD, suggesting that NPD is more helpful for identification of seborrheic keratosis; peppering, lighter colors, and blue-white areas were more evident under NPD, facilitating recognition of regression areas; and shiny-white streaks, possibly representing fibrosis, were seen more clearly under PD. "
3.	GTP-Binding Proteins (G-Protein)IBA 02/01/2019 - "Recent studies have identified mutations in sporadic blue nevi in the genes encoding G Protein subunit alpha Q and G protein subunit alpha 11 (GNAQ and GNA11). " 01/01/2022 - "The defining characteristic of blue nevi family is the presence of activating mutations in the G protein α-subunits, GNAQ and GNA11." 01/01/2011 - "The presence of GNAQ mutations in the amelanotic/hypomelanotic blue nevus indicates that mechanisms underlying pigment homeostasis in this variant appear to be similar to those of its melanotic counterparts, although it is not clear why activation of the q class of the G-protein α subunit should cause an abundance of dermal pigment in one variant and not in another. " 03/01/2011 - "Benign and malignant blue nevi harbor frequent mutations in the Gαq class of G-protein α subunits, Gnaq and Gna11 proteins." 01/01/2011 - "A recent study indicates that somatic mutations in codon 209 of GNAQ, a gene encoding the signaling protein G-protein α subunit q, may be present in up to 80% of blue nevi. "
4.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 05/01/2022 - "HMB45 protein expression and the immunohistochemical maturation in common blue nevi: a reappraisal." 03/01/2011 - "Benign and malignant blue nevi harbor frequent mutations in the Gαq class of G-protein α subunits, Gnaq and Gna11 proteins." 09/15/1989 - "When examining proteins in human pigment tissues, we found that a third actin-like protein, in addition to beta- and gamma-actin was more frequent and in a larger amount in benign tissues such as blue nevus and nevus pigmentosus, than in malignant melanoma. " 01/01/2011 - "A recent study indicates that somatic mutations in codon 209 of GNAQ, a gene encoding the signaling protein G-protein α subunit q, may be present in up to 80% of blue nevi. "
5.	S100 Proteins (S 100 Protein)IBA 01/01/1985 - "The demonstration of S-100 protein in the blue nevus cells before and after bleaching in the present study, along with the ultrastructural observations, supports combined melanocytic and schwannian differentiation of the blue nevus cell." 01/01/1985 - "Immunocytochemical studies for the localization of S-100 protein in the blue nevus cells were performed. " 07/01/1986 - "S-100 protein content of dermal and oral mucosal blue nevi." 01/01/1986 - "Blue nevus, nevus of Ota and mongolian spot revealed the presence of a small amount of S-100 protein and NSE on the half cases. " 09/01/1982 - "Intradermal nevi and juvenile melanomas were strongly positive for S100 protein, but blue nevi contained little or no S100 protein. "
6.	Codon (Codons)IBA 12/01/2010 - "GNAQ codon 209 mutations were present in 3/4 melanocytomas and the blue nevus. " 12/01/2010 - "Identical codon 209 mutations have been described in blue nevi. " 01/01/2017 - "Nine of 13 cases (69%) harbored a somatic mutation at GNAQ codon 209, a known hotspot that is commonly mutated in uveal melanoma and blue nevi, as well as various congenital vascular proliferations. " 01/01/2011 - "A recent study indicates that somatic mutations in codon 209 of GNAQ, a gene encoding the signaling protein G-protein α subunit q, may be present in up to 80% of blue nevi. "
7.	Reticulin (Reticular Fiber)IBA 01/01/2016 - "In the present study, reticulin immunostaining patterns in malignant melanomas, benign intradermal nevi, and blue nevi were observed. "
8.	PowdersIBA 12/01/1997 - "In this study synthetic melanin powder and pigmented dermal tissue obtained from five blue nevus lesions, also classified as dermal melanocytosis, were used as targets to identify the specific effects of these forms of irradiation in vitro. "
9.	Deubiquitinating EnzymesIBA 01/01/2013 - "Recently, germ-line mutations in BAP1, the gene encoding a tumor suppressing deubiquitinating enzyme, have been associated with predisposition to a variety of cancers including uveal melanoma, but no studies have examined the association of germ-line mutations in GNAQ and GNA11 with uveal melanoma and blue nevi. "
10.	NAD (NADH)IBA 10/01/2020 - "Differentiating DPN from other melanocytic lesions including blue and cellular blue nevi can be diagnostically challenging, and markers to distinguish these entities can be useful. " 07/01/2018 - "Using ALK immunohistochemistry as a surrogate for ALK rearrangement, the authors examined 26 DPN, 30 CBN, and 4 conventional blue nevi. " 06/01/2022 - "62.5% (5/8) of blue nevus-like melanomas and 50% (1/2) of DPN-like melanomas were PRAME positive (4+). " 01/01/1989 - "The characteristic histologic features of DPN also allow its differentiation from spindle cell and epithelioid cell nevi and blue nevi." 01/01/2023 - "Deep penetrating nevi (DPN), particularly those showing combined features, or combined deep penetrating nevi (CDPN), may show histopathological resemblance to blue nevus (BN) and melanoma. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunotherapy 11/01/2020 - "Our case thus shows that comprehensive treatment with surgery supplemented by immunotherapy can be effective against a malignant melanoma arising in a vulvar blue nevus." 01/01/2020 - "Treatment response to checkpoint immunotherapy in a patient with a melanoma ex blue nevus."
2.	Semiconductor Lasers 12/01/2004 - "The purpose of this study was to compile treatment data and to examine the effectiveness of a longer pulse duration diode laser in the treatment of vascular pathologies such as facial telangiectasia, venous lakes, spider nevi, blue telangiectasia, leg veins and dermatological treatments. "
3.	Therapeutics 01/01/2000 - "Therapy for blue nevi in the vagina does not require complete excision." 09/01/2016 - "These particular mutations and the predilection for liver metastases in our patient's case underscore a fundamental biological relationship between blue nevi and uveal melanoma and suggest the two entities may prove amenable to similar diagnostic and prognostic testing and targeted therapies. " 12/01/1998 - "The therapy is described, and the possible relations between malignant blue nevus and certain other tumors (e.g., atypical or locally aggressive cellular blue nevus) are explored. " 07/01/2019 - "Eruptive Blue Nevi of the Scalp in a Patient with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome during Isotretinoin Therapy." 01/01/2010 - "Intratumoral therapy with interferon-alpha in a locoregional advanced malignant blue nevus: a brief communication."
4.	Hysterectomy 11/01/1995 - "The endocervical blue nevus is a rare lesion which can be incidentally found in surgical pieces after hysterectomy in middle-aged women. " 01/01/1985 - "Blue nevi of the endocervix appear to be rare incidental lesions; they are often found in hysterectomy specimens from middle-aged women. " 10/01/2007 - "The endocervical blue nevi were incidental findings in hysterectomies performed for leiomyomata and endometrial serous carcinoma in women aged 44 and 57 years, respectively. "
5.	Nerve Transfer 12/01/2018 - "Instead, it may represent the expression of a specific pattern of melanocytic differentiation, analogous to the neurotization of common and cellular blue nevi, although in this case, it would privilege the parasympathetic lineage over the Schwannian, perineural, or endoneural pathway. " 05/01/2010 - "We review the natural history of CMN, including proliferative nodules and erosions during infancy, neurotization, and spontaneous regression, and features of variants such as speckled lentiginous and congenital blue nevi. "