Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

A malignancy arising in uterine cervical epithelium and confined thereto, representing a continuum of histological changes ranging from well-differentiated CIN 1 (formerly, mild dysplasia) to severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ, CIN 3. The lesion arises at the squamocolumnar cell junction at the transformation zone of the endocervical canal, with a variable tendency to develop invasive epidermoid carcinoma, a tendency that is enhanced by concomitant human papillomaviral infection. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Also Known As:

Networked: 1878 relevant articles (82 outcomes, 337 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Carcinoma (Carcinomatosis)
4.	Papilloma (Papillomatosis)
5.	Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Experts

1.	Schiffman, Mark: 22 articles (11/2015 - 04/2003)
2.	Castle, Philip E: 18 articles (07/2015 - 07/2003)
3.	Koutsky, Laura A: 14 articles (11/2015 - 10/2002)
4.	Meijer, Chris J L M: 13 articles (06/2015 - 11/2002)
5.	Sankaranarayanan, Rengaswamy: 13 articles (10/2013 - 01/2007)
6.	Yoshikawa, Hiroyuki: 12 articles (01/2016 - 08/2002)
7.	Piyathilake, Chandrika J: 12 articles (01/2014 - 12/2004)
8.	Arbyn, Marc: 11 articles (12/2014 - 04/2004)
9.	Belinson, Jerome L: 11 articles (06/2014 - 08/2004)
10.	Syrjänen, Kari: 11 articles (07/2010 - 08/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia:

1.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 01/01/2015 - "The introduction of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA (HPV) detection, as a primary screening cotest with cytology among women over age 40 with a poor screening history, significantly improved the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+), being far superior to cytology alone. " 08/01/2007 - "Improved rate of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia detection in human papillomavirus DNA hybrid capture testing." 02/01/2001 - "Quantitative measures of total human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid and high-risk human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid were strongly associated with any cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (P = .005) and high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (P = .0006), but they improved the sensitivity and negative predictive value of baseline screening only slightly when combined with cervical cytologic examination. " 02/01/1998 - "The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a repeat Papanicolaou (Pap) smear and the Hybrid Capture tube-based (HCT) HPV DNA test for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 or 3 in women with recent atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) Pap smear reports. " 09/01/2008 - "Both of these factors complicate the interpretation of type-specific, vaccine-induced protection against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions, in which other HPV DNA types are found along with HPV-16 and -18. "
2.	VaccinesIBA 11/15/2011 - "Clinical trial data indicate that current vaccines have high efficacy against HPV-16/18-related cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. " 11/21/2015 - "Despite preventive vaccines for oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is common, and current treatments are ablative and can lead to long-term reproductive morbidity. " 01/01/2007 - "The therapeutic vaccines have also a future in women already infected by HPV and might have an efficiency similar to surgery in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia." 08/01/2008 - "HPV VLP vaccines are immunogenic, well tolerated and show remarkable efficacy, achieving >98% protection in randomised clinical trials against the obligate precursor lesions cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 (CIN2/3) and adenocarcinoma in situ. " 10/01/2005 - "Recent evidence indicates that prophylactic vaccines are well tolerated, highly immunogenic and effective in preventing persistent HPV infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). "
3.	Acetic Acid (Vinegar)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2009 - "To evaluate the efficacy of an electrical impedance probe (Epitheliometer) in the diagnosis of high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in women referred with cervical smear abnormalities and to assess the effect of acetic acid (AA) and tissue boundaries on the measurements. " 01/01/2015 - "To determine whether a quality assurance (QA) program using digital cervicography improved the performance of a visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN 2+) in HIV-infected women in Johannesburg, South Africa. " 07/01/2015 - "The aim of the study is to compare visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and cytology as triage testing methods in HPV-positive women to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or Grade 2 or higher (CIN2+). " 10/01/2015 - "To assess feasibility and suitability of visual inspection of cervix with acetic acid (VIA) in detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and compare it with Papanicolaou test. " 07/01/2015 - "To examine the influence of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes on the sensitivity of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) for screening, and colposcopy for diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2) or more severe (CIN2+). "
4.	1-phenyl-3,3-dimethyltriazene (PDT)IBA 01/01/1999 - "33 of 38 (86,8%) patients with superficial cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades I and II were treated successfully with PDT. " 11/01/2013 - "To evaluate the response and efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with or without loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)/conization (Cone) to preserve fertility in young patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II and III. We reviewed the medical records of patients with CIN who had been treated by PDT. " 01/01/2002 - "To determine the safety and efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a topically applied photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). " 09/01/2010 - "Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. " 01/01/2005 - "Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). "
5.	beta Carotene (Betacarotene)FDA Link 06/01/1997 - "Women with histopathologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were followed at 3-month intervals in a randomized double-blinded trial to evaluate the efficacy of beta-carotene to cause regression of CIN. " 10/01/2001 - "A randomized, double blind, Phase III trial using oral beta-carotene supplementation for women with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia." 08/01/1997 - "Manetta et al., Beta-carotene treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a phase II study. " 11/01/1996 - "beta-Carotene treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a phase II study." 10/01/2001 - "To evaluate the effect of daily beta-carotene (30 mg) versus placebo over a 2-year period on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 and 3 lesions. "
6.	Papillomavirus Vaccines (HPV Vaccines)IBA 10/01/2000 - "cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III, CINIII) is important, to avoid early contamination of the target population by opportunistic use of licensed HPV vaccines. " 08/01/2006 - "Two virus-like particle human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have been shown to be nearly 100% effective in preventing type-specific persistent HPV infections and associated type-specific high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). " 01/01/2015 - "The overall objective of this study was to assess the potential impact of current HPV vaccines in preventing cervical cancer in Zambia, by determining the combined prevalence of HPV-16 and/or HPV-18 in invasive cervical cancer (ICC) and high-grade pre-cancer [cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or 3 (CIN2/3)] cases. " 08/01/2009 - "The introduction of HPV vaccines can also prevent other HPV-related sequelae, most importantly cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 (CIN2/3), which precede the development of cervical cancer and require clinical follow-up and treatment. " 01/01/2014 - "We systematically searched the literature for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that examined the effect of HPV vaccines on overall mortality, cancer mortality and incidence, high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and higher (CIN2+), vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) grade 2 and higher lesions (VIN2+ and VaIN2+, respectively) genital warts (condyloma). "
7.	Fluorouracil (Carac)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1997 - "The cytotoxic drug delivery system fulfilled the requirements for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia without causing any architechtural damage, but the chemotherapeutic agent, 5-fluorouracil, did not provide effective treatment of disease. " 04/01/2014 - "The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of intravaginal application of 5% 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 in women. " 10/01/1982 - "Although further clinical trials using differing concentrations and/or more prolonged exposure to the drug may be warranted, the authors cannot recommend topical 5-FU as a replacement for standard outpatient therapy for upper vaginal and/or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia." 04/01/2014 - "Topical 5-fluorouracil for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2: a randomized controlled trial." 12/01/1999 - "Adjunctive maintenance intravaginal 5-FU therapy after standard surgery for high-grade lesions safely and effectively reduced recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-infected women."
8.	Biological Markers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 07/01/2011 - "In conclusion, this study revealed that p16INK4a and ProEx C are useful biomarkers for the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and have potential as predictors of progression of low-grade lesions." 11/01/2007 - "Although studies of risk factor profiles have been conducted to identify biological markers to predict the natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade III, there is not sufficient information to support the routine clinical use of any biomarker. " 09/25/2015 - "Serum peptidome profiling analysis for the identification of potential biomarkers in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia patients." 04/01/2015 - "Natural history of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a review of prognostic biomarkers." 01/01/2015 - "We evaluated the role of different CpGs from multiple genes as methylation biomarkers for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). "
9.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)IBA 11/01/2012 - "The aim of the study was to assess the diagnostic value of pap smears and detection of the p16 and Ki67 proteins in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). " 12/20/2015 - "The expressions of Snail, Slug, and KAI1 proteins were examined by immunohistochemistry in 154 specimens of CSCC tissues, 50 specimens of cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN), and 40 specimens of normal cervical tissues. " 09/01/2015 - "Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression of CD97 and DAF proteins in 97 patients with CSCC and 53 patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, a precursor lesion of CSCC. " 01/01/2011 - "Discrimination of grade 2 and 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by means of analysis of water soluble proteins recovered from cervical biopsies." 07/01/2010 - "To investigate further the variation in oligomeric structure that has been reported for different E7 proteins, an HPV-18 E7 cloned from a Hispanic woman with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was purified to homogeneity most probably as a stable monomeric protein in aqueous solution. "
10.	AntigensIBA 10/01/2005 - "Differences in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles have been reported in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) compared with controls in other populations. " 08/01/1985 - "Comparison of prevalence of human papillomavirus antigen in biopsies from women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia." 01/01/1985 - "the colposcopic pattern, expression of papillomavirus genus specific structural antigens (demonstrated by an indirect immunoperoxidase, IP-PAP technique), as well as the degree of HPV-associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). " 07/01/1983 - "The prevalence of human papillomavirus antigen in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia." 11/01/1999 - "To evaluate, in a preclinical feasibility study, the efficacy of NMP179, a monoclonal antibody recognizing a cervical tumor-associated nuclear matrix antigen, for the early detection of high and low grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Laser Therapy (Surgery, Laser) 02/01/1983 - "We performed a study to determine the efficacy of laser therapy for the three grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. " 01/01/1990 - "The efficacy of laser therapy in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia." 02/10/2003 - "A randomized trial of three techniques of conization (cold knife, laser, and loop electrosurgical excisional procedure (LEEP)) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in which 110 patients had been recruited. " 07/01/2000 - "The study population included 426 women with histologic diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2-3, of whom 289 (study group) were treated by LEETZ followed by laser vaporization of the crater base and walls and 137 (control group) were treated by LEETZ alone. " 02/01/1995 - "Clinical trials have found loop excision to be faster and easier than laser ablation for treating cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and to have similar complication and success rates. "
2.	Lasers (Laser) 01/01/1999 - "In its absence laser conization is highly effective in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and has the advantage of providing a specimen suitable for the necessary histological investigation." 12/01/2002 - "The conization with dioxide laser is a good therapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, even if expensive; infact poor side-effects are observed as well as a very good reliability." 01/01/2011 - "This exploratory study aimed to identify, by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS), serum protein profiles that distinguish cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades CIN 1 or lower (≤CIN 1) from CIN 2+ among 127 women infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) 16. " 01/01/2006 - "The current study is an exploratory study to identify candidate surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) protein profiles in plasma that may distinguish cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 3) from CIN 1 among women infected with HR-HPV. " 02/01/1996 - "The aim of this study was to determine the risk of low birth weight in the subsequent pregnancy after laser conization or vaporization in a follow-up study of women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). "
3.	Gas Lasers 11/01/2008 - "To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of cylindrical or cone-shaped excision performed by laser CO2 in the conservative management of persistent-recurrent high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-CIN) in women of fertile age. " 11/01/1989 - "Thus, in our experience, CO2 laser conization is more effective for clinical diagnosis and treating of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia." 01/01/1990 - "The efficacy of carbon dioxide laser therapy in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was evaluated in 253 patients treated at the University of Kentucky Medical Center from 1984 to 1987. " 01/01/1985 - "By combining a narrow carbon dioxide laser excisional conization with ectocervical vaporization, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia may be eradicated by a virtually bloodless surgical procedure and fertility may be preserved. " 07/01/2014 - "The aim of our study was to evaluate the risk factors for treatment failure of CO2 laser vaporization in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 (CIN2). "
4.	Cryotherapy (Therapy, Cold) 01/01/2008 - "Cryotherapy and large loop excision of the transformation zone are effective and safe treatment methods for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. " 03/12/2007 - "We evaluated a 'see and treat' procedure involving screening, colposcopy, biopsy and cryotherapy by trained nurses in one-visit in field clinics in a cervical screening study in South India for its acceptability, safety and effectiveness in curing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). " 01/01/2014 - "Residual disease and HPV persistence after cryotherapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 in HIV-positive women in Kenya." 10/01/2013 - "To describe the effectiveness of cryotherapy for treating women who were histologically confirmed to have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in India. " 10/01/2013 - "Effectiveness of cryotherapy for histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 1 and 2 in an Indian setting."
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 10/01/2004 - "Both cytologic analysis and HPV testing are equally effective in monitoring patients after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. " 03/01/2010 - "The participants were divided into 3 cohorts: (i) 235 patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (CIN 3) (n = 48), CIN 2 (n = 60), CIN 1 (n = 58), or condyloma acuminatum (CAC) (n = 69) before treatment or remission; (ii) from the first cohort of patients, 108 CIN 3 or CIN 2 patients after treatment and 62 CIN 1 or CAC patients after remission; and (iii) 323 apparently normal subjects (ANS) without any cervical disease. " 01/01/2016 - "We conducted a pooled analysis of published studies to compare the performance of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and cytology in detecting residual or recurrent diseases after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 (CIN 2/3). " 07/01/2013 - "Long-term adherence to follow-up after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: nationwide population-based study." 05/01/2012 - "The aim of the present study was to analyze the long-term outcome of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (CIN 3) after treatment with the Shimodaira-Taniguchi conization procedure, based on the status of the resection margins. "