Medullary Carcinoma

A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

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Networked: 882 relevant articles (12 outcomes, 68 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Carcinoma (Carcinomatosis)
3.	Carcinoid Tumor (Carcinoid)
4.	Neoplasm Metastasis (Metastasis)
5.	Paraganglioma (Paragangliomas)

Experts

1.	Miyauchi, Akira: 5 articles (01/2014 - 06/2003)
2.	Miya, Akihiro: 4 articles (01/2014 - 01/2005)
3.	Ito, Yasuhiro: 4 articles (10/2009 - 06/2003)
4.	Kobayashi, Kaoru: 4 articles (10/2009 - 06/2003)
5.	Cohen, Cynthia: 3 articles (01/2016 - 06/2005)
6.	Basu, Sandip: 3 articles (01/2016 - 09/2006)
7.	Baloch, Zubair W: 3 articles (01/2015 - 04/2002)
8.	LiVolsi, Virginia A: 3 articles (01/2015 - 04/2002)
9.	Billis, Athanase: 3 articles (09/2012 - 09/2007)
10.	Mitsiades, Nicholas: 3 articles (12/2009 - 05/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Medullary Carcinoma:

1.	Calcitonin (Calcitonin, Eel)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "Gallium-68 Dotatate PET/CT is superior to other imaging modalities in the detection of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid in the presence of high serum calcitonin." 01/01/1983 - "Primary relatives of all patients with medullary carcinoma should be screened by measurement of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin to identify C-cell disease in a generally unsuspecting group/reservoir and because it results in earlier diagnosis, which leads to a less extensive surgical procedure and a higher percentage of patients with a disease-free state." 04/01/2004 - "Medullary carcinoma can seldom show the predominance of cells with oncocytic changes but the positive immunostaining for calcitonin should be helpful for the correct diagnosis. " 03/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to assess the role of preoperative basal calcitonin (prebCt) levels in predicting the presence of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid in patients with RET mutations. " 10/01/1994 - "Hybridocytochemical and immuno-ultrastructural study of calcitonin gene expression in cultured medullary carcinoma cells."
2.	ThyroglobulinFDA Link 01/01/1989 - "An ultrastructural study, both morphological and immunohistochemical, has been carried out on eight thyroglobulin-positive and nine thyroglobulin-negative medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. " 12/01/1991 - "The presence of thyroglobulin, along with other markers in areas of medullary carcinoma in polymorphic tumours, and the presence of neuro-endocrine markers in areas of follicular or papillary differentiation seem to be concordant with the theory of a pluripotential cell, derived from neural crest and capable of differentiation into a variety of forms." 01/01/1989 - "No ultrastructural differences were observed between thyroglobulin-positive and thyroglobulin-negative cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid." 08/01/1986 - "All the papillary and follicular tumours, 5/10 anaplastic and 3/10 medullary carcinomas contained thyroglobulin. " 09/01/1973 - "The formation of thyroglobulin in human thyroid medullary carcinoma."
3.	Carcinoembryonic AntigenIBA 08/01/1979 - "Family study of serum carcinoembryonic antigen in inherited medullary carcinoma of the thyroid." 09/01/2006 - "In follow-up of medullary carcinoma, FDG PET detects residual tissue better than any other scintigraphic procedures, especially when serum levels of CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) are rising rapidly. " 05/01/1984 - "Diagnostic and prognostic values of carcinoembryonic antigen in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid." 01/01/1980 - "Physicochemical characteristics of carcinoembryonic antigen extracted from medullary carcinoma of the thyroid." 03/01/1977 - "We have detected high values of carcinoembryonic antigen in the blood of patients suffering from medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). "
4.	AntibodiesIBA 11/01/1989 - "All medullary carcinomas of the thyroid (MCTs) were stained when the antibodies CEA 12-140-5, -7, and -10 were applied, whereas CEA 12-140-1 stained all but five MCTs; CEA 12-140-2 and CEA-12-140 -4 each stained all but two. " 11/01/1996 - "These results confirm earlier studies in that CK 20 expression among thyroid tumours is restricted to the neuroendocrine medullary carcinomas and that in a larger percentage of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas an epithelial phenotype can not be demonstrated even upon using broad-spectrum CK antibodies. " 01/01/2002 - "Hyperplastic C-cells from patients with diverse physiologic conditions and from three patients with C-cell hyperplasia accompanying medullary carcinoma or multiple endocrine neoplasia type IIa showed no reactivity for the Cox antibodies. " 05/01/2001 - "Immunohistochemical typing of sst receptor expression using specific antireceptor antibodies represents an ideal approach for characterizing sst subtype expression in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid for optimizing receptor targeted diagnosis and therapy with somatostatin analogs." 05/01/1997 - "Immunohistochemistry using anticalcitonin and antithyroglobulin antibodies is helpful in distinguishing these tumors from medullary carcinoma. "
5.	Pentagastrin (Peptavlon)FDA Link 01/01/1992 - "Intravenously administered, pentagastrin is a potent secretagogue which is very useful in the early diagnosis of either primary or recurrent medullary carcinoma. " 08/01/1988 - "A more aggressive search for familial medullary carcinoma through use of pentagastrin stimulation leads to early detection and more effective therapy." 05/01/1984 - "In order to evaluate further the influence of pentagastrin on human PRL release, a pentagastrin infusion was administered to 13 patients with active medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MTC), eight subjects with inactive MTC, eight family members without MTC, and ten normal subjects. " 04/01/1977 - "The pentagastrin stimulation test was given to ten brothers and sisters of two patients who had previously undergone total thyroidectomy for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. " 08/01/1980 - "Our results revealed that 1) serum iCT levels may be abnormally high in all pathological types of bronchogenic carcinoma and in patients with breat cancer; 2) the basal level of serum iCT may be normal, but it is abnormally high after pentagastrin stimulation; 3) the increment rise of iCT after pentagastrin stimulation in the bronchogenic and breast cancer patients was significantly less than that seen in patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (P less than 0.001)."
6.	3-Iodobenzylguanidine (Iobenguane)IBA 04/01/1988 - "The value of radioiodinated metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) in imaging thyroid medullary carcinoma (MTC) was investigated (18 studies) in 12 patients with proven MTC. " 12/01/1994 - "Uptake of I-131 MIBG by medullary carcinoma of the thyroid has both diagnostic and therapeutic implications." 12/01/1994 - "Detection of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with I-131 MIBG." 04/01/1988 - "Iodine-131 MIBG uptake in metastatic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. " 01/01/1988 - "The use of the adrenomedullary tracer metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) in the localization of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) is based on the embryologic relationship of the APUD cell series. "
7.	Cisplatin (Platino)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2010 - "[Renal medullary carcinoma: remission with gemcitabine-cisplatin and review of therapeutic perspectives]." 08/01/2006 - "Response to paclitaxel, gemcitabine, and cisplatin in renal medullary carcinoma." 01/01/2014 - "Renal medullary carcinoma: case report of an aggressive malignancy with near-complete response to dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin chemotherapy." 10/01/2003 - "An Hispanic woman with renal medullary carcinoma who initially responded to chemotherapy with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin and survived for 12 months is presented. " 05/01/2001 - "A 35-year-old woman with locally advanced stage IIIB breast cancer (medullary carcinoma) 12 cm in diameter underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of three courses of intraarterial infusion [adriamycin (ADR), mitomycin (MMC), cisplatin (CDDP), 5-fluorouracil (5FU)] and four cycles of systemic chemotherapy (ADR, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, MMC, CDDP) for three months. "
8.	gemcitabineFDA Link 07/01/2010 - "[Renal medullary carcinoma: remission with gemcitabine-cisplatin and review of therapeutic perspectives]." 12/01/2010 - "Complete response to carboplatin, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel in a patient with advanced metastatic renal medullary carcinoma." 08/01/2006 - "Response to paclitaxel, gemcitabine, and cisplatin in renal medullary carcinoma."
9.	calretininIBA 03/01/2009 - "Calretinin, MLH-1, and CDX2 may help to differentiate medullary carcinoma from poorly differentiated colonic carcinoma of the colon." 03/01/2009 - "Interestingly, calretinin staining was strongly positive in 73% of medullary carcinomas compared to only 12% of poorly differentiated colonic carcinomas (P < .0001). " 08/01/2014 - "The results demonstrated (1) loss of MLH1 and PMS2 in more than 80% of medullary carcinomas; (2) expression of cadherin-17 and SATB2 in 89% of medullary carcinomas; (3) focal expression of TFF3, MUC4, calretinin, CDX2, CK20, and synaptophysin in 72%, 72%, 67%, 67%, 28%, and 17% of 18 medullary carcinoma cases, respectively; and (4) expression of SATB2 and cadherin-17 in 97% and 98% of the colorectal adenocarcinomas, respectively, whereas their expression was seen in 3.6% and 3.3% of nongastrointestinal tumors, respectively. " 08/01/2014 - "Other immunomarkers, including MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, MSH6, CDX2, CK7, CK20, TFF3, MUC4, calretinin, p504S, villin, and synaptophysin, were also tested on the 18 medullary carcinoma cases. " 03/01/2009 - "Paraffin blocks from 16 cases of medullary carcinoma and 33 cases of poorly differentiated colonic carcinoma were retrieved, and tissue microarrays were constructed and stained with an immunohistochemical panel including CDX2, CK7, CK20, p53, intestinal trefoil factor 3, chromogranin, synaptophysin, MLH-1, MUC-1, MUC-2, and calretinin. "
10.	anti-thyroglobulinIBA 05/01/1997 - "Immunohistochemistry using anticalcitonin and antithyroglobulin antibodies is helpful in distinguishing these tumors from medullary carcinoma. " 01/01/1987 - "The following antibodies were used: anti-S-100, antineuron-specific enolase (NSE), antikeratin, antithyroglobulin, anticalcitonin, anticarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), antiepithelial membrane antigen (EMA); the following hormones were also tested in the medullary carcinoma: gastrin, ACTH and serotonin. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 12/01/1999 - "Renal medullary carcinoma: prolonged remission with chemotherapy, immunohistochemical characterisation and evidence of bcr/abl rearrangement." 01/01/2013 - "Renal medullary carcinoma response to chemotherapy: a referral center experience in Brazil." 05/01/2009 - "The PubMed and Google Scholar search engines were used to identify publications and peer-reviewed meeting presentations addressing chemotherapy and targeted therapy for differentiated or medullary carcinoma. " 04/01/2005 - "Most patients with renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) have advanced disease at presentation and rarely respond to radiation or chemotherapy. " 07/01/1998 - "In medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MTC), multidrug resistance (MDR) remains the major obstacle to effective chemotherapy. "
2.	Thyroidectomy 11/01/2015 - "The patient was diagnosed with medullary carcinoma and underwent a total thyroidectomy. " 01/01/2013 - "Total thyroidectomy was done in which histopathological examination showed diagnosis of medullary carcinoma. " 03/01/2009 - "Subsequent thyroidectomy revealed medullary carcinoma. " 03/01/2009 - "Identification of the gene responsible for medullary carcinoma has radically changed the diagnostic approach to the familial forms, enabling early neonatal diagnosis of mutation carriers and of the disease, and early surgical approach by prophylactic thyroidectomy. " 11/01/2008 - "To describe the detailed clinicopathologic features of prophylactic thyroidectomies for medullary carcinoma. "
3.	Jejunoileal Bypass 10/01/1983 - "Seventy-seven calcium balance and 47Ca turnover studies were performed in normal volunteers (n = 15) and in patients with osteoporosis (n = 12), primary hyperparathyroidism (n = 8), osteogenesis imperfecta (n = 5), medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (n = 4), thyrotoxicosis (n = 2) and intestinal bypass for obesity (n = 11). "
4.	Radiotherapy 02/05/2013 - "Her thyroid medullary carcinoma was treated by radical operations and radiotherapy. " 01/01/2003 - "[Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland: effect of postoperative transcutaneous radiotherapy on local control and results of treatment]." 06/01/1998 - "Between 1975 and 1993, 12 patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid were treated at the Department of Radiotherapy of the Portuguese Institute of Oncology in Oporto. " 06/01/1998 - "[The role of external radiotherapy in the treatment of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid]." 10/21/1989 - "[Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and cervical radiotherapy]."
5.	Lymph Node Excision (Lymph Node Dissection) 01/01/2015 - "Complications, Lymphadenectomy, Medullary carcinoma, Prognosis. " 04/01/1999 - "In the case of the girl with medullary carcinoma was carried out a total tumorectomy and lymph node excision. " 12/01/1993 - "Impact of therapeutic regional lymph node dissection for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland." 01/01/1992 - "Uselessness of routine cervical lymph node excision (medullary carcinoma excluded)]." 01/01/2015 - "At the age of twenty he had undergone total thyroidectomy with lymphadenectomy for medullary carcinoma. "