Embryonal Carcinoma

A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)

Also Known As:

Networked: 1198 relevant articles (23 outcomes, 102 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Choriocarcinoma
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Endodermal Sinus Tumor (Endodermal Sinus Tumors)
4.	Seminoma
5.	Teratocarcinoma

Experts

1.	Looijenga, Leendert H J: 11 articles (01/2021 - 02/2002)
2.	Spinella, Michael J: 9 articles (06/2019 - 04/2002)
3.	Ulbright, Thomas M: 8 articles (07/2014 - 04/2004)
4.	Cheng, Liang: 8 articles (05/2011 - 07/2004)
5.	Gillis, Ad J M: 7 articles (04/2016 - 02/2002)
6.	Schorle, Hubert: 5 articles (05/2020 - 09/2007)
7.	Freemantle, Sarah J: 5 articles (06/2019 - 04/2002)
8.	Bosl, George J: 5 articles (01/2017 - 07/2003)
9.	Stoop, Hans: 5 articles (04/2016 - 02/2002)
10.	Chano, Tokuhiro: 5 articles (08/2015 - 05/2010)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Embryonal Carcinoma:

1.	Cisplatin (Platino)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2014 - "In this study, we found that miR-383 inhibited the focal formation and abundance of γH2AX, which is the major marker of sites of DNA damage, with or without ultraviolet irradiation and cisplatin in testicular embryonal carcinoma (NT-2) cells. " 11/01/2020 - "Specifically, differentiation of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, the stem cells of TGCTs, can lead to the reduction of cisplatin responsiveness. " 08/03/2012 - "Blockade of Noxa reduced the apoptotic response of embryonal carcinoma (EC) NTERA2 cells to cisplatin. " 01/01/2012 - "Herein, we have examined the proficiency of five embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines to repair cisplatin-induced ICLs. " 03/01/2009 - "Nude rats bearing subcutaneous human embryonal carcinoma xenografts received either cisplatin (5 mg/kg) or saline serum. "
2.	Keratins (Keratin)IBA 01/01/2020 - "Immunostaining was positive for Pan-Keratin and OCT4, consistent with poorly differentiated embryonal carcinoma. " 01/01/2020 - "The stem cell marker OCT3/4 was positive in the embryonal carcinoma component and that the pan-cytokeratin AE1/AE3 staining was positive in glandular areas. " 06/01/2006 - "Twenty-five cases of metastatic embryonal carcinoma after chemotherapy were immunohistochemically analyzed for CD30, OCT4, and cytokeratin AE1/AE3 expression. " 09/01/1984 - "These results indicate that the presence or absence of keratin by immunocytochemical methods can be helpful in distinguishing seminoma from embryonal carcinoma." 09/01/2007 - "The most significant difference between seminomas and embryonal carcinomas was the expression of spermatogenesis-associated genes (PRAME, MAGEA4, SPAG1, HPX) in seminomas and regulatory genes DNMT3B and SOX2 as well as small molecular weight keratins KRT8, KRT18 in embryonal carcinomas. "
3.	Tretinoin (Retinoic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 02/24/2005 - "We have previously shown that p53 repression in TGCT-derived human embryonal carcinoma (EC) is relieved upon treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (RA), resulting in enhanced p53 transactivation activity. " 04/29/2011 - "To study the molecular basis of neurogenic properties of Gli2, we used a well-established embryonic stem cell model, the P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line, which can be induced to differentiate into neurons in the presence of retinoic acid (RA). " 01/01/2010 - "The aim of our study was to characterize mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells P19 in different stages of retinoic acid induced neurodifferentiation by two methods, immunocytochemistry and RT qPCR. " 08/15/1996 - "The F9 murine embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line, a well established model system for the study of retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation, differentiates into cells resembling three types of extra-embryonic endoderm (primitive, parietal and visceral), depending on the culture conditions and RA concentration used. " 01/01/1994 - "Previous studies have shown that the expression of some human HOX genes can be induced by retinoic acid (RA) in cultured embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. "
4.	Monoclonal AntibodiesIBA 10/01/1998 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of immunohistochemical staining of human testicular germ cell tumours with the monoclonal antibody 43-9F to distinguish embryonal carcinoma (EC) from other malignant germ cell components in order to facilitate pathohistological assessment of prognostic risk factors for metastatic disease in clinical stage I NSGCT. " 01/01/2005 - "The monoclonal antibody GCTM-5 reacts with a minority subpopulation of cells in spontaneously differentiating cultures of pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma or embryonic stem cells. " 09/01/2003 - "A mouse monoclonal antibody (4C4-mAb) has been developed against a human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line (NCR-G3) isolated from a combined form of testicular germ cell tumour. " 03/01/1997 - "To characterize specific surface molecules of ITMGC, we raised three mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against NCR-G3 (G3), a multipotent, human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line, and screened cryostat sections of human testicular tissue containing ITMGC. " 02/01/1995 - "A monoclonal antibody that specifically reacts with human embryonal carcinomas, spermatogonia and oocytes is able to induce human EC cell death."
5.	AntibodiesIBA 01/01/1992 - "Compared to the other antibodies tested, including the antibody against cytokeratins, in embryonal carcinoma immunohistochemical staining with 43-9F was more specific, stronger and more constantly expressed. " 09/01/2006 - "We conclude that immunostaining with antibodies to OCT4 is a useful diagnostic tool in the identification of seminomas and primary embryonal carcinomas in GCTs originating from the mediastinum." 07/01/2004 - "We conclude that immunostaining with antibodies to OCT4 is a useful diagnostic tool in the identification of primary testicular embryonal carcinomas and "usual," but not spermatocytic, seminomas. " 07/01/2004 - "Fifteen of the 54 germ cell tumors containing embryonal carcinoma were also examined with antibodies to CD30. " 10/01/1999 - "Antibodies to TNAP and PLAP/GCAP showed positivity in CIS, seminoma, and embryonal carcinoma. "
6.	Transcription Factors (Transcription Factor)IBA 12/01/2007 - "CIS/ITGCNU and seminomatous cells are characterized by expression of OCT3/4 and NANOG, while in addition embryonal carcinoma expresses SOX2, all identified as transcription factors related to pluripotency in embryonic stem (ES) cells. " 05/25/1990 - "The embryonal carcinoma stem cell Ela-like activity involves a differentiation-regulated transcription factor." 12/01/1993 - "In this study, we demonstrated the extinction of expression of the PU.1/Sfpi-1 putative oncogene encoding a B-cell- and macrophage-specific transcription factor when plasmacytoma cells are fused with embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. " 05/01/2008 - "We have investigated the role of the HH transcription factor glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) in the human Ntera2/D1 (NT2) embryonal carcinoma stem cell line. " 11/01/1994 - "Hepatocytic transcription factor expression in human embryonal carcinoma and yolk sac carcinoma cell lines: expression of HNF-3 alpha in models of early endodermal cell differentiation."
7.	Surface Antigens (Surface Antigen)IBA 12/01/1983 - "Several days before the appearance of neurons, there is a marked decrease in the amount of an embryonal carcinoma surface antigen, and at the same time there is a substantial decrease in the volumes of individual cells. " 01/01/1986 - "Murine lymphocyte and embryonal carcinoma cell surface antigens recognised by rabbit anti-murine embryonal carcinoma serum." 05/01/1999 - "Human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells typically require high cell densities to maintain their characteristic phenotype; they are generally subject to differentiation when cultured at low cell densities, marked by changes in morphology and expression of the surface antigen, SSEA-1. " 01/01/1984 - "Two monoclonal antibodies (TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81) recognizing distinct cell surface antigens on human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells were produced and characterized. " 11/15/1982 - "In high-density cultures these cells retain an embryonal carcinoma phenotype and do not express the cell surface antigen SSEA-1. "
8.	VinculinIBA 11/01/1996 - "In addition, we eliminated the expression of vinculin in embryonal stem (ES) cells and in the embryonal carcinoma F9 line by gene disruption employing homologous recombination. " 04/01/2000 - "Vinculin's role was recently questioned by Goldberg [1997: Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 37:44-53] who observed Shigella motility in mouse embryonal carcinoma 5.51 cells, a genetically modified cell line that reputedly lacked vinculin. " 09/26/1995 - "To test the role of vinculin in cell adhesion and motility, we used homologous recombination to generate F9 embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cell clones homozygous for a disrupted vinculin gene. " 03/01/1983 - "Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting techniques were used to study the presence and distribution of vimentin and keratin type intermediate filaments, actin, and vinculin (130 kD protein) during retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of F9 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. "
9.	Mitomycin (Mitomycin-C)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1962 - "[Roentgenological study of embryonal carcinoma of the testis metastatic to the lungs cured by mitomycin C]." 05/01/1987 - "Many pluripotent embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines and all embryonic stem (ES) cell lines have hitherto been maintained in the undifferentiated state only by culture on feeder layers of mitomycin C-treated embryonic fibroblasts. "
10.	Chorionic Gonadotropin (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1984 - "Leydig cell hyperplasia due to a testicular embryonal carcinoma producing human chorionic gonadotropin." 03/01/1986 - "Analysis of failures showed embryonal carcinoma in all 3 patients, with vascular invasion in the primary tumor in 1 and undetected spermatic cord involvement in 1, while 1 had a slower than expected decrease to normal of an elevated human chorionic gonadotropin level after orchiectomy. " 03/01/1984 - "Report of the case of a 21-year-old man who presented with gynecomastia and was found to have a testicular embryonal carcinoma producing human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), associated with massive hyperplasia of Leydig cells. " 04/01/1981 - "Microscopic examination of the tumor revealed an embryonal carcinoma with choriocarcinoma, the latter consisting of sheets of polygonal cells intimately related to multinucleate giant cells that contained beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) when stained immunohistochemically. " 01/01/1985 - "The value of tumour markers like alphafoetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) produced by endodermal sinus tumour (EST) and some embryonal carcinomas and choriocarcinoma and syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells respectively in diagnosis, monitoring the progress of the disease, and the efficacy of therapy, as well, as for early detection of metastases and recurrences, is strongly emphasized.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)"

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 06/01/2006 - "OCT4 is superior to CD30 in the diagnosis of metastatic embryonal carcinomas after chemotherapy." 12/01/1989 - "Two patients who also had some areas of embryonal carcinoma in the resected specimens had post-operative chemotherapy and are alive disease free at 8 and 24 months respectively. " 06/01/1988 - "The authors conclude that survival of patients with embryonal carcinoma has greatly improved over the last decade as a result of improved methods for early detection of metastatic deposits and the effectiveness of newer chemotherapies in the treatment of disseminated disease." 11/01/2018 - "To show successful pregnancy after unilateral salpingooopherectomy and chemotherapy in a girl with embryonal carcinoma of ovary (ECO). " 03/01/2012 - "Surveillance was applied in 4 of these patients, and chemotherapy was used in the patient with embryonal carcinoma. "
2.	Radiotherapy 06/01/1985 - "Three patients with embryonal carcinoma responded well to combined surgical and chemo-radiotherapy. " 05/01/1985 - "Radiotherapy appears to have little role to play in the treatment of pure EST or embryonal carcinoma." 08/01/1981 - "Radiotherapy is not indicated in the treatment of infantile embryonal carcinoma." 11/01/1970 - "Radiation therapy for the embryonal carcinoma of testis in childhood." 01/01/2018 - "Embryonal carcinoma components are recognized to be more resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy and confer a very poor prognosis. "
3.	Therapeutics 10/01/2019 - "However, a proportion of patients require the integration of additional therapies, including more frequently when embryonal carcinoma is not predominant." 01/01/2015 - "Aggressive multimodal therapy may prolong disease-free survival in recurrent primary retroperitoneal embryonal carcinoma." 02/01/2014 - "A case of mediastinal embryonal carcinoma successfully treated by integrative therapy." 04/02/2013 - "Embryonal carcinoma is its most malignant form, which either may be resistant or may develop resistance to therapies, which results in relapses. " 05/01/2012 - "We established SOX2 targeting therapy in an embryonal carcinoma model. "
4.	Combination Drug Therapy (Combination Chemotherapy) 06/01/1985 - "Successful treatment for children with embryonal carcinoma requires an operation aimed at either debulking or complete resection (if possible) coupled with early and aggressive combination chemotherapy. " 01/01/1991 - "Twenty-nine ovarian cancer patients with yolk sac tumors and germ cell tumors with yolk sac tissue as a component of their disease (16 endodermal sinus tumor, 11 mixed germ cell tumors, one embryonal carcinoma, and one polyembryoma) were treated with cytoreductive surgery and combination chemotherapy. " 10/01/1992 - "A 32-year-old man who had left testicular embryonal carcinoma with low volume left para-aortic lymph node swelling was treated initially with 3 courses of cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy. " 07/01/1990 - "The types and cases are following: [table: see text] Multi-drug chemotherapy with cis-platinum has improved the prognosis of patients with embryonal carcinoma and yolk sac tumors, although patients with choriocarcinoma have yet a poor response to the combination chemotherapy. " 01/01/1999 - "Our preliminary results indicate that adjuvant therapy consisting of combination chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide and concomitant radiotherapy, followed by removal of the tumor, is highly effective in the treatment of pediatric patients with primary intracranial yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, or mixed germ cell tumors containing yolk sac tumor components."
5.	Orchiectomy (Orchidectomy) 01/01/1998 - "In previous studies an increasing volume of embryonal carcinoma in the orchiectomy specimen was associated with a higher likelihood of being pathologic stage B. " 05/01/2014 - "High risk pathological features were found in the orchiectomy specimen in 12 patients (52.2%), including all 12 (52.2%) with 40% or greater embryonal carcinoma and 3 (13.0%) with lymphovascular invasion. " 01/01/2014 - "He underwent right orchidectomy and histology revealed an embryonal carcinoma with no vascular invasion. " 01/01/2012 - "All patients had predominantly embryonal carcinoma and/or lymphovascular invasion in their orchidectomy specimen. " 04/01/2010 - "Histology of the orchidectomy specimen consisted of embryonal carcinoma in 146 (76%) patients, also including lymphovascular invasion in 83 (44%). "