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Hairy Leukoplakia

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Epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa associated with Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) and found almost exclusively in persons with HIV infection. The lesion consists of a white patch that is often corrugated or hairy.

Also Known As:

Leukoplakia, Hairy; Leukoplakia, Hairy, Oral; Hairy Leukoplakia, Oral; Hairy Leukoplakias; Hairy Leukoplakias, Oral; Leukoplakia, Oral Hairy; Leukoplakias, Hairy; Leukoplakias, Oral Hairy; Oral Hairy Leukoplakias; Oral Hairy Leukoplakia

Networked: 156 relevant articles (8 outcomes, 12 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
2.	Infection
3.	Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)
4.	Candidiasis (Moniliasis)
5.	Lymphoma (Lymphomas)

Experts

1.	Greenspan, John S: 2 articles (01/2012 - 12/2002)
2.	Mesquita, Ricardo Alves: 2 articles (11/2010 - 01/2007)
3.	Moura, Mariela Dutra Gontijo: 2 articles (11/2010 - 01/2007)
4.	Mulligan, R: 2 articles (02/2004 - 09/2000)
5.	Greenspan, D: 2 articles (02/2004 - 09/2000)
6.	Navazesh, M: 2 articles (02/2004 - 09/2000)
7.	Greenspan, J S: 2 articles (02/2004 - 09/2000)
8.	Phelan, J A: 2 articles (02/2004 - 09/2000)
9.	Gulley, M L: 2 articles (09/2001 - 02/2001)
10.	Patton, L L: 2 articles (02/2001 - 08/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hairy Leukoplakia:

1.	Acyclovir (Aciclovir)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1988 - "The efficacy of acyclovir is further evidence of the concept that the Epstein-Barr virus is a major cause of oral hairy leukoplakia." 01/01/1991 - "Acyclovir treatment is effective in the EBV-genome positive hairy leukoplakia noticed in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients. " 08/29/1988 - "Acyclovir treatment is effective in the EBV-genome positive hairy leukoplakia in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients. " 10/01/1989 - "Comparison of the efficacy of surgery and acyclovir therapy in oral hairy leukoplakia." 10/01/1989 - "To compare the therapeutic effects of surgical excision and orally administered acyclovir therapy on symptomatic oral hairy leukoplakia, 45 homosexual men who were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus participated in a 3-month open-label study. "
2.	PodophyllinIBA 01/01/1995 - "We conclude that single topical application of podophyllum resin 25% solution is efficacious in producing significant short-term resolution of HIV-related oral hairy leukoplakia. " 01/01/1995 - "Ten HIV-infected patients who had bilateral hairy leukoplakia on the tongue were treated with topical podophyllum resin 25% solution. " 01/01/1995 - "Treatment of HIV-related hairy leukoplakia with podophyllum resin 25% solution." 12/01/1992 - "Treatment of oral hairy leukoplakia with podophyllin." 01/01/1991 - "Podophyllin resin 25% for treatment of oral hairy leukoplakia: an old treatment for a new lesion."
3.	penciclovir (Denavir)FDA Link 11/01/2010 - "The aim of this study was to present a new topical treatment protocol for oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), consisting of a 25% podophyllin resin with a 1% penciclovir cream (PP), and to compare this topical treatment protocol's efficacy with that of 2 other topical treatment protocols: a 25% podophyllin resin (P) and a 25% podophyllin resin with a 5% acyclovir cream (PA). "
4.	desciclovirIBA 01/01/1990 - "Efficacy of desciclovir in the treatment of Epstein-Barr virus infection in oral hairy leukoplakia." 01/01/1990 - "The efficacy of desciclovir, an analog of acyclovir, in eliminating lesions of oral hairy leukoplakia (HL) and suppressing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection was evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 14 patients. "
5.	Antiviral Agents (Antivirals)IBA 03/01/2010 - "Oral hairy leukoplakia, which can be a marker for underlying immunodeficiency, is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and is treated with oral antivirals. " 12/01/1993 - "Treatment of EBV-associated syndromes is largely supportive although antivirals may play a role in the management of oral hairy leukoplakia. " 09/01/1999 - "Although a number of antiviral drugs inhibit replication of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in cell culture, and acyclovir (ACV) suppresses replication in vivo, currently available drugs have not proven effective for treatment of EBV-associated diseases other than oral hairy leukoplakia. "
6.	famciclovir (Famvir)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2006 - "Efficacy of famciclovir in the treatment of oral hairy leukoplakia."
7.	Keratins (Keratin)IBA 04/01/1991 - "To establish why the lateral border of tongue is the site of predilection for the development of hairy leukoplakia (HL) and to understand its likely behavior, the pattern of keratin expression was compared in 8HL lesions with matched controls in an immunocytochemical study. " 04/01/1991 - "Altered patterns of keratin expression in oral hairy leukoplakia: prognostic implications." 04/01/1993 - "This study was undertaken to analyze keratin gene expression at both the mRNA and protein level in oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL). "
8.	AntigensIBA 05/01/1997 - "The expression of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA-I) in oral hairy leukoplakia." 10/01/1991 - "Nuclear localization of the immediate early and early gene products BZLF1, BHRF1, BRLF1, and BMLF1 was limited to oral hairy leukoplakia in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients and revealed a codistribution with the virus capsid antigen. " 08/01/1991 - "HIV antigen is not present in oral hairy leukoplakia. " 09/01/1990 - "Morphology and membrane antigens of nonlymphoid accessory cells in oral hairy leukoplakia." 09/01/1988 - "We compared the light microscopic features and immunoperoxidase staining for human papillomavirus antigen of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) and flat condylomatous lesions of the cervix. "
9.	Nasopharyngeal carcinomaIBA 11/01/2004 - "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is found frequently in certain epithelial pathologies, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and oral hairy leukoplakia, indicating that the virus can infect epithelial cells in vivo. " 04/01/1999 - "vIL-10 and BDLF2 were expressed almost exclusively in oral hairy leukoplakia, whereas BARF1 transcripts were present in all cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with weak expression in one oral hairy leukoplakia and isolated cases of lymphoid malignancy. " 09/01/2001 - "This novel rat monoclonal antibody (6A9) was used to examine tissue sections from 39 cases of non-keratinising undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), 6 cases of metastatic NPC, 7 cases of EBV-positive NPC with squamous differentiation from Chinese patients, 15 cases of EBV-positive post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), 6 EBV-containing lymphoblastoid cell lines, and 2 cases of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL). " 10/01/2001 - "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with various epithelial malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, and causes oral hairy leukoplakia, a productive EBV infection of the differentiated epithelium of the tongue. " 11/01/1998 - "Epstein-Barr virus is associated with oral hairy leukoplakia, lymphoproliferative disease, lymphoepithelial carcinoma, B-cell lymphomas, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. "
10.	Zidovudine (Retrovir)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1991 - "Resolution of hairy leukoplakia: an observational trial of zidovudine versus no treatment." 03/01/1990 - "Oral hairy leukoplakia and zidovudine therapy." 11/01/1988 - "Regression of oral hairy leukoplakia during zidovudine therapy." 06/01/1988 - "This report presents a case of oral hairy leukoplakia that has completely disappeared during treatment with azidothymidine. " 06/01/1988 - "Resolution of oral hairy leukoplakia during treatment with azidothymidine."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 07/01/1993 - "Our results indicate that EBV may be expressed at the lateral border of the tongue of liver transplant patients, who in some cases show oral hairy leukoplakia clinically." 08/01/1991 - "Organ transplant recipients undergoing dermatological check-up should be examined for oral hairy leukoplakia." 05/01/1991 - "Oral hairy leukoplakia in a HIV-negative renal graft recipient." 10/06/1990 - "Oral hairy leukoplakia in an HIV-negative renal transplant patient." 04/01/1990 - "Oral hairy leukoplakia in an HIV-seronegative heart transplant patient."
2.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 01/01/2010 - "Oral hairy leukoplakia was slow in responding to HAART. " 07/01/2006 - "Oral candidosis and oral hairy leukoplakia as predictors of HAART failure in Brazilian HIV-infected patients." 06/01/2006 - "We observed that in children aged 6-12 years and 11 months who were taking HAART, there was lower prevalence of oral lesions (p=0.005), specially hairy leukoplakia (p<0.02), without any affection to the common presentation pattern of these lesions. " 05/01/2008 - "Hairy leukoplakia and pseudomembranous candidiasis also showed an inverse correlation with HAART use (p<.0001). " 01/01/2006 - "Adult patients receiving HAART had a significantly lower prevalence of oral lesions, particularly oral candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia. "
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 08/01/1991 - "We report on seven renal transplant recipients with oral hairy leukoplakia. " 10/06/1990 - "A case of oral hairy leukoplakia presenting in an HIV-negative renal transplant recipient is described. " 04/01/1990 - "This report describes oral hairy leukoplakia in a heart transplant recipient with negative HIV serology. " 01/01/1989 - "Oral hairy leukoplakia in an HIV-negative renal transplant recipient." 12/01/1994 - "The prevalence of hairy leukoplakia and leukoplakia in renal transplant recipients was 11.3% and 10.7%, respectively, compared with 0% and 5.6% in the controls. "
4.	Bone Marrow Transplantation (Transplantation, Bone Marrow) 06/01/1993 - "Hairy leukoplakia in 10 patients after bone marrow transplantation was identified clinically and assessed histologically. " 06/01/1993 - "Hairy leukoplakia after bone marrow transplantation." 01/01/1991 - "Hairy leukoplakia (HL) also occurs in immunosuppressed post-bone-marrow transplantation patients, and in the presence or absence of Epstein-Barr virus. " 01/01/1991 - "Hairy leukoplakia-like lesions following bone-marrow transplantation." 09/01/1988 - "Hairy leukoplakia-like lesions in immunosuppressed patients following bone marrow transplantation."
5.	Oral Diagnosis (Oral Examination) 01/01/1992 - "Using proportional hazard regression and stratifying by CD4 lymphocyte count at the time of baseline oral examination, we found that the rate of development of AIDS was increased among men with hairy leukoplakia [relative hazard, 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-2.7], oral candidiasis (relative hazard, 7.3; 95% CI, 3.1-17.3), and both lesions (relative hazard, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.6-6.1) compared with men with normal findings. " 06/01/1990 - "Based on clinical data prior to oral examination, 22 patients were classified in the CDC group 2, 11 in CDC group 3, and 37 in CDC group 4. Twelve patients (55%) initially classified as CDC 2, and 4 patients (36%) initially classified as CDC 3 had to be reallocated to CDC group 4 due to the presence of oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, or oral Kaposi's sarcoma. " 02/01/2001 - "245 HIV/AIDS patients were interviewed regarding the current presence of oral candidiasis (OC), oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), and oral ulcers prior to an oral examination by an oral medicine trained dentist examiner. "