Community-Acquired Infections

Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility.

Also Known As:

Networked: 331 relevant articles (19 outcomes, 25 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Pneumonia (Pneumonitis)
3.	Urinary Tract Infections (Urinary Tract Infection)
4.	Pelvic Infection
5.	Meningitis

Experts

1.	Yoong, Pauline: 4 articles (02/2013 - 02/2010)
2.	Gaïni, Shahin: 4 articles (01/2007 - 01/2006)
3.	Pedersen, Court: 4 articles (01/2007 - 01/2006)
4.	Jones, Ronald N: 4 articles (07/2005 - 05/2003)
5.	Rubinstein, Ethan: 3 articles (04/2007 - 01/2005)
6.	Karlowsky, James A: 3 articles (04/2007 - 03/2004)
7.	Hoban, Daryl J: 3 articles (04/2007 - 02/2005)
8.	Zhanel, George G: 3 articles (04/2007 - 02/2005)
9.	Manfredi, Roberto: 2 articles (09/2015 - 06/2002)
10.	Malangoni, Mark A: 2 articles (06/2014 - 08/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Community-Acquired Infections:

1.	Cephalosporins (Cephalosporin Antibiotics)IBA 11/01/1994 - "Clinical efficacy has been shown to be equal in virtually all studies comparing the newer cephalosporins with traditional agents for various community-acquired infections. " 10/21/2014 - "The use of cephalosporins should be restricted to community-acquired infections. " 04/01/2014 - "oxytoca community-acquired infections susceptibility to cephalosporins and other antimicrobials in Lebanon." 02/01/2005 - "Since treatment based on cephalosporins was less efficacious than expected in community-acquired infections, urgent measures are needed to limit antibacterial resistance outside of hospitals." 02/01/2005 - "Gram-negative bacterial resistance to cephalosporins in community-acquired infections in Turkey."
2.	ertapenem (Invanz)FDA Link 01/01/2008 - "Ertapenem has limited efficacy against non-fermenting, Gram-negative bacteria, restricting its use to community-acquired infections. " 09/01/2010 - "The spectrum of ertapenem does not cover eminently nosocomial pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp., and hence this antibiotic is indicated in community-acquired infections requiring hospital treatment. " 10/01/2009 - "Ertapenem is suited for mild to moderately ill patients with community-acquired infections and for outpatient intravenous antibacterial therapy." 10/01/2007 - "Ertapenem is a new carbapenem, exhibiting activity against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria commonly recovered from community-acquired infections. " 02/01/2005 - "Ertapenem is a promising new carbapenem with excellent efficacy and safety for the treatment of a variety of community-acquired infections. "
3.	Ceftriaxone (Ceftriaxon)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1995 - "The findings of this study indicate that ceftriaxone 1 g/day is as effective as 2 g/day in the treatment of moderate to severe community-acquired infections. " 10/01/1995 - "In a multicentre, double-blind, randomized study involving four general hospitals in Israel, the efficacy and safety of ceftriaxone 1 g/day i.v. was compared to that of 2 g/day i.v. in the treatment of moderate to severe community-acquired infections requiring hospitalization. " 10/01/1995 - "Double-blind randomized study of 1 g versus 2 g intravenous ceftriaxone daily in the therapy of community-acquired infections." 06/01/2004 - "aureus (which are infrequent causes of community-acquired infection); these isolates were also resistant to ceftriaxone. " 02/22/1997 - "[Ceftriaxone in community-acquired infections in adults]."
4.	beta-Lactamases (beta-Lactamase)IBA 12/01/2003 - "A unique synthetic beta-lactam class, which demonstrates promise in terms of its activity against the range of bacteria responsible for community-acquired infections and its inherent stability to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases, is the penems. " 04/01/2012 - "The purpose of this study is to delineate clinical characteristics of urosepsis caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-EK) in different clinical settings, with an emphasis on community-acquired infections. " 06/01/1995 - "The purposes of this study therefore were: To evaluate the incidence of beta-lactamase producing organisms responsible for common community-acquired infections. " 04/01/2015 - "The emergence and spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases among common bacterial pathogens are threatening our ability to treat routine hospital- and community-acquired infections. " 01/01/2015 - "Among theseCTX-M beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli has also disseminated worldwide as an important cause of both nosocomial and community-acquired infections. "
5.	sultamicillin (ampicillin-sulbactam)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2009 - "The drug is indicated as empirical therapy for a broad range of community acquired infections supervened in adults or children and is effective in either parenteral (ampicillin-sulbactam) or oral (as a mutual prodrug sultamicillin) form. " 07/01/2008 - "Clinical findings from the past decade confirm the results of numerous older studies and together provide good evidence to support the continued use of ampicillin/sulbactam and sultamicillin in hospital- and community-acquired infections both in adults and children. " 01/01/1989 - "Sultamicillin at an adult dose of 375-750 mg twice daily or a pediatric dose of 50 mg/kg/d provides effective outpatient/office therapy for community-acquired infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin/soft tissue structures. " 04/01/1996 - "The present study demonstrates that in cases of community acquired infections of the lower respiratory tract, treatment with ampicillin/sulbactam can be regarded as a suitable therapeutic alternative to mezlocillin, combining high efficacy and tolerance." 01/01/1989 - "In addition to broad use in community-acquired infections, oral therapy with sultamicillin should also provide convenient outpatient follow-up for initial parenteral sulbactam/ampicillin therapy. "
6.	Penicillins (Penicillin)FDA Link 04/02/2005 - "During the 1950s, the notorious penicillin-resistant clone of Staphylococcus aureus known as phage type 80/81 emerged and caused serious hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections worldwide. " 08/01/2004 - "Overall, the data indicated that neither age alone, community-acquired infection nor absence of identified risk factors can predict susceptibility to penicillin accurately. " 07/01/1989 - "All 122 group A streptococcal strains isolated during the epidemics of community-acquired infection showed tolerance to penicillin. " 04/01/1976 - "Staphylococci in community-acquired infections: Increased resistance to penicillin." 04/01/2005 - "Antimicrobial susceptibilities of potential bacterial pathogens in adults with acute respiratory tract infections Prospective Epidemiological Network Investigating Community-acquired Infection SurveiLLance In Nagasaki (PENICILLIN) Study."
7.	Cefixime (Suprax)FDA Link 12/01/2011 - " Key words: cefixime, antimicrobial therapy, community-acquired infections." 12/01/2011 - "Community-acquired infections, such as AOM, LRTI and UTI, caused by susceptible pathogens, can be treated with cefixime, as a good choice for a successful clinical response. " 12/01/2011 - "Clinical role of Cefixime in community-acquired infections." 01/01/2000 - "Overview of cefixime use in community-acquired infections." 09/01/1998 - "Clinical role of cefixime in community-acquired infections."
8.	linezolid (Zyvox)FDA Link 03/01/2001 - "Compassionate-use trials and other clinical studies involving mainly adult hospitalized patients with gram-positive infections have shown that linezolid administered intravenously or orally is effective in a variety of nosocomial and community-acquired infections, including those caused by resistant gram-positive organisms. "
9.	Erythromycin (Erycette)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1992 - "Despite the improved pharmacokinetic profile and in vitro antimicrobial activity of clarithromycin over erythromycin, comparative studies of patients with community-acquired infections reveal the 2 drugs to be of equivalent efficacy. " 10/01/1994 - "Since dirithromycin is at least as well tolerated as erythromycin, with its convenient administration schedule and pharmacokinetic profile it is a useful alternative to erythromycin in the treatment of appropriate community-acquired infections. " 05/01/1991 - "In an attempt to characterize erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus we present the intricate relationships between the following factors: phage type, period of isolation, antibiogram, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to erythromycin, inducible or constitutive resistance, spectinomycin susceptibility, hospital- or community-acquired infection, and mortality rate. " 03/12/1999 - "These data suggest that amoxicillin (+/- clavulanic acid), erythromycin or tetracycline are appropriate agents for empirical use in less serious community acquired infections when S pneumoniae is suspected. " 01/01/1984 - "However, most community-acquired infections in the lower respiratory tract respond to penicillin; tetracycline or erythromycin may be used for treatment when the clinical response is unsatisfactory. "
10.	Azithromycin (Zithromax)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1992 - "Azithromycin represents a significant improvement in the treatment of selected community-acquired infections. " 09/01/2012 - "Azithromycin is used widely for community-acquired infections. " 02/01/2012 - "Women of childbearing age commonly receive azithromycin for the treatment of community-acquired infections, including during pregnancy. " 08/01/2005 - "As a result of the prolonged half-life and unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) characteristics of azithromycin, shorter dosing regimens are being evaluated for the treatment of community-acquired infections. " 12/01/1987 - "These properties of azithromycin strongly support the further evaluation of this new macrolide for use in community-acquired infections of skin or soft tissue and respiratory diseases."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Length of Stay 11/01/2007 - "Healthcare-associated infections accounted for 27.2% of cases and were associated with a significantly greater mortality rate, a longer length of stay, and greater hospital charges, compared with community-acquired infections. " 07/01/2011 - "A total of 422 patients with community-acquired infections (16%) were admitted to the intensive care unit as a consequence of their infection and the median length of stay was 4.5 days in the intensive care unit. " 03/01/2008 - "The increased risk associated with longer length of stay and with community-acquired infection suggests that strategies are needed to reduce the duration of hospitalization and to effectively treat community-acquired infection, to decrease infection rates. " 03/01/2006 - "Effects of community-acquired infections on fever, leukocyte count and the length of stay in elderly. " 12/01/2008 - "Similarly, ICU length of stay was longer by 7.9% (p < 0.001, 14,248 extra days), 5.9% (p = 0.03, 2855 extra days), and 8.1% (p < 0.001, 19,215 extra days) for nosocomial-acquired infections, community-acquired infections, and sepsis, respectively. "
2.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 08/01/2015 - "Serial measurements of peripheral blood CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts obtained during the first year post-transplantation from 83 consecutive LTR and their correlation with both viral OI and community-acquired infections post-transplantation were retrospectively analyzed. " 05/01/2009 - "Immunosuppressive therapy after transplantation compromises cell-mediated immunity in particular, leaving the patient at risk for opportunistic as well as routine community-acquired infections. " 03/01/1994 - "cincinnatiensis, should be considered not only in the first months after transplantation but also later in the posttransplantation period as either a nosocomial or community-acquired infection." 06/01/1990 - "The epidemiology of pseudallescheriasis complicating transplantation: nosocomial and community-acquired infection." 03/01/2007 - "All 50 late post-transplant episodes (93%), which occurred 473 +/- 671 days following transplantation, were community-acquired infections (p < 0.00016). "
3.	Intensive Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 07/01/1997 - "The first German national study on the prevalence of nosocomial and community-acquired infections was performed in 1994 in medical, surgical, gynaecological/obstetrical and intensive care departments. " 10/01/1992 - "For the entire cohort and a subset of patients with community-acquired infection, those patients with congenital heart disease had longer durations of hospitalization and greater need for, and days of, both intensive care and mechanical ventilation than patients without congenital heart disease. " 01/01/2013 - "For patients in the surgical intensive care unit, death was independently associated with the need for mechanical ventilation, prognostic score (SAPS II), community-acquired infection, nosocomial infection, and intensive care unit-acquired infection. "
4.	Antibiotic Prophylaxis 07/01/2008 - "Community-acquired infections were the first indication of treatment (41.8% of prescriptions), hospital-acquired infections accounted for 34.9% of prescriptions, surgical and medical antibiotic prophylaxis for 22.4%. " 09/01/1998 - "The study revealed: (1) the prevalence of antibiotic use and the cost of antibiotics during post-intervention period was significantly decreased by 20%; (2) the use of antibiotic prophylaxis for obstetrics patients and patients undergoing cataract surgery decreased significantly; (3) there was a shift from second or third generation cephalosporins to cefazolin for surgical prophylaxis; (4) the duration of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis was reduced to under 2 days; (5) there was a shift from netilmicin or amikacin to gentamicin for the treatment of community acquired infection; and (6) the mortality, median length of hospital stay, and nosocomial infection rate among the patients who received antibiotics during the post-intervention period were not significantly different from those during the pre-intervention period. "
5.	Home Nursing (Nursing, Home) 11/01/2006 - "community-acquired infection with healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the role of home nursing care." 07/01/2012 - "Nursing home-acquired infections may differ from general community-acquired infections in bacteriology and antibiotic resistance. " 03/01/2004 - "Three types of the onset such as a community-acquired infection, a hospital-acquired infection, and a nursing home acquired infections were observed. " 09/16/1991 - "In contrast, 28% of the patients in the second epidemic had community-acquired infections, and nursing home patients were an important source of these infections. " 03/01/2006 - "To evaluate the relationships between community acquired infections in elderly cases (> or =65 ages) not living in a nursing home and factors such as, fever and white blood cell (WBC) counts; age, gender and the presence of underlying chronic diseases as compared to the length of stay. "