Cholesterol Embolism

Blocking of a blood vessel by CHOLESTEROL-rich atheromatous deposits, generally occurring in the flow from a large artery to small arterial branches. It is also called arterial-arterial embolization or atheroembolism which may be spontaneous or iatrogenic. Patients with spontaneous atheroembolism often have painful, cyanotic digits of acute onset.

Also Known As:

Networked: 138 relevant articles (5 outcomes, 3 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hemolysis
2.	Renal Insufficiency (Renal Failure)
3.	Acute Kidney Injury (Acute Renal Failure)
4.	Atherosclerotic Plaque (Atheroma)
5.	Ischemia

Experts

1.	Wholey, Michael: 2 articles (06/2011 - 03/2008)
2.	Gutiérrez, E: 2 articles (01/2010 - 01/2003)
3.	Morales, E: 2 articles (01/2010 - 01/2003)
4.	Praga, M: 2 articles (01/2010 - 01/2003)
5.	Hansen, Kimberley J: 2 articles (07/2007 - 07/2006)
6.	Craven, Timothy E: 2 articles (07/2007 - 07/2006)
7.	Edwards, Matthew S: 2 articles (07/2007 - 07/2006)
8.	Boero, R: 2 articles (09/2000 - 03/2000)
9.	Quarello, F: 2 articles (09/2000 - 03/2000)
10.	Rollino, C: 2 articles (09/2000 - 03/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cholesterol Embolism:

1.	1-(2-(dodecyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride (DEP)IBA 07/01/2006 - "Strategies to limit the occurrence of atheroembolism, such as the use of distal embolic protection (DEP) systems, may result in improved outcomes after RA-PTAS. " 07/01/2007 - "To further characterize procedure-associated atheroembolism, we analyzed recovered atheroembolic debris and clinical data from patients undergoing RA-PTAS with distal embolic protection (DEP). " 07/01/2006 - "These data suggest that DEP use may prevent renal function harm during RA-PTAS as a result of atheroembolism and warrant further investigation."
2.	Lipoproteins (Lipoprotein)IBA 08/01/2003 - "Low density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis has been reported to be beneficial for cholesterol embolism-induced damage to the skin and brain."
3.	CholesterolIBA 07/01/2012 - "The proximity of the kidneys to the abdominal aorta and the large renal blood supply make the kidney a frequent target organ for cholesterol atheroembolism. " 01/01/2012 - "Cholesterol atheroembolism (CAE) is a systemic disorder whose incidence has increased in recent decades and that presents high morbidity and mortality. " 06/01/2010 - "Cholesterol embolism (CE) is characterized by emboli containing cholesterol crystal in the arterioles, most commonly found in the skin and the kidney. " 09/01/2009 - "Atheroembolism is believed to be caused by the release of microscopic plaque fragments and cholesterol crystals from the RAS or atherosclerotic aorta. " 01/01/2009 - "Atheroembolism (cholesterol embolisation) often occurs following an intervention, such as angiography or revascularisation procedure. "
4.	Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA)IBA 07/01/2010 - "Cholesterol embolism associated with MPO-ANCA." 01/01/2006 - "ANCA in atheroembolism; just a coincidence or bearing cause and effect?" 10/01/2002 - "A few cases of renal atheroembolism associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) have been described. " 02/01/2002 - "We describe a 47-year-old man who successively presented atheromatous coronary artery disease, cholesterol embolism after angioplasty, periaortitis with presence of c-ANCA, and finally typical pulmonary lesions caused by Wegener's granulomatosis. " 07/01/2001 - "A case of cholesterol embolism with ANCA treated with corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide."
5.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 05/16/1998 - "[On the value of research on retinal cholesterol embolism]." 02/15/1995 - "To determine whether asymptomatic retinal cholesterol embolism is a risk factor for vascular events. " 02/15/1995 - "Asymptomatic retinal cholesterol embolism is an important risk factor for cerebral infarction independent of commonly recognized vascular risk factors." 05/01/1999 - "The other principal clinical features in these patients were cardiac failure with pulmonary edema (61%), gastrointestinal ischemia (33%), cutaneous ischemia (90%), and retinal cholesterol embolism (22%). " 07/01/1981 - "However, renal cholesterol embolism may be clinically diagnosed when renal failure develops after known inciting factors or together with systemic manifestations of atheromatous embolization such as lower extremity livedo reticularis, focal digital ischemia or retinal embolism. "
6.	StreptokinaseFDA Link 01/01/1991 - "[Syndrome of multiple cholesterol embolism after parenteral streptokinase therapy of acute myocardial infarct: description of an autopsy case]." 02/06/1988 - "Cholesterol embolism in a renal graft after treatment with streptokinase." 05/01/1998 - "Cholesterol embolism and acute interstitial nephritis: two adverse effects of streptokinase thrombolytic therapy in the same patient." 01/01/1991 - "Syndrome caused by multiple cholesterol embolism can be seen as a complication in patients affected by acute myocardial infarction, treated with streptokinase thrombolytic therapy. "
7.	Heparin (Liquaemin)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2000 - "The appearance of cholesterol embolism could have been precipitated, in this case, by anticoagulation treatment with heparin and intense antiaggregation." 11/01/1993 - "[A cholesterol embolism during heparin treatment]." 09/13/1997 - "They demonstrate that there is a risk of severe cholesterol embolism in high-risk patients after administration of low-molecular-weight heparin as for non-fractionated heparin, fibrinolytics, arteriography and cardiovascular surgery. "
8.	SteroidsIBA 05/01/2006 - "A case of cholesterol embolism confirmed by skin biopsy and successfully treated with statins and steroids." 01/01/2012 - "Cholesterol atheroembolism and combined treatment with steroids and iloprost."
9.	Dental Porcelain (Porcelain)IBA 04/01/2009 - "Cardiac surgery in patients with severely atherosclerotic or porcelain ascending aorta is technically challenging, with markedly increased risk of atheroembolism. " 04/01/2004 - "Severely atherosclerotic (porcelain) ascending aorta is associated with increased morbidity and mortality during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) due to the increased risk of perioperative atheroembolism. "
10.	AnticoagulantsIBA 08/20/1994 - "Anticoagulants were stopped and we noticed no further cholesterol embolism or further decline of renal function. " 06/09/2007 - "One patient had a myeloproliferative syndrome due to essential thrombocytosis, the second patient had thromboangiitis obliterans, and the third patient had a cholesterol embolism, possibly due to the use of oral anticoagulants. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Transplants (Transplant) 05/01/2010 - "These strategies include alternative techniques for re-entry, strict avoidance of graft manipulation to minimize the risk of graft atheroembolism, and modification of the method of myocardial protection, depending on the status of the native coronary circulation and the patency of venous or arterial grafts. " 01/01/2006 - "Use of the Symmetry aortic connector device (ACD) for proximal anastomosis of coronary grafts may reduce ascending aortic atheroembolism. " 09/01/1996 - "Intraoperative graft atheroembolism was a major reoperation hazard. " 09/01/1996 - "Coronary atheroembolism from vein grafts was the major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with reoperation. " 04/01/1982 - "Atheroembolism as cause of graft failure."
2.	Catheters 02/01/1999 - "Cholesterol embolism, a serious but infrequent complication of renal artery stenting, may be avoided by minimizing contact between the guide catheter and the atherosclerotic aorta. " 01/18/2013 - "Results indicate that the BSC exhibited a significant improvement of the cannula performance in terms of CEP with no significant change in the risk for other hemodynamic complications, such as hemolysis or atheroembolism (AP and IH). " 01/18/2013 - "Hemodynamic efficacy and CEP were assessed via trajectories of particle released from the surgical region, while the cannula feasibility was evaluated through potential for atheroembolism (AP) and index for hemolysis (IH). " 10/01/2010 - "Transradial access could lead to a lower incidence of CKD after catheterisation or PCI because of less catheter contact with aortic atheroma, and reduced potential for atheroembolism. " 03/01/2005 - "The removal of an aortic cannula at the termination of cardiopulmonary bypass is occasionally associated with complications like bleeding, atheroembolism and dissection. "
3.	Ligation 05/01/1990 - "In 12 patients with severe cardiopulmonary disease and limited life expectancy, exclusion-ligation bypass is an effective and safe palliative procedure for severe disseminated atheroembolism." 07/01/1987 - "In the high-risk patient, axillobifemoral bypass with iliac ligation may be used to treat recurrent painful atheroembolism to the feet. " 12/01/1982 - "To reduce the incidence of atheroembolism at reoperation, we advocate ligation of the vein graft at the level of the distal anastomosis as early as possible during dissection on reopening the chest."
4.	Blood Component Removal (Apheresis) 04/01/1999 - "LDL apheresis as intensive lipid-lowering therapy for cholesterol embolism." 08/01/2003 - "Concerning apheresis, combined therapy consisting of plasma exchange and low to intermediate-dose corticosteroid therapy has been shown to be effective in multivisceral cholesterol embolism. " 05/01/2006 - "LDL apheresis for cholesterol embolism following coronary artery bypass graft surgery--a case report." 08/01/2003 - "Low density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis has been reported to be beneficial for cholesterol embolism-induced damage to the skin and brain."
5.	Plasma Exchange 08/01/2003 - "Concerning apheresis, combined therapy consisting of plasma exchange and low to intermediate-dose corticosteroid therapy has been shown to be effective in multivisceral cholesterol embolism. "