Cholesterol Embolism

Blocking of a blood vessel by CHOLESTEROL-rich atheromatous deposits, generally occurring in the flow from a large artery to small arterial branches. It is also called arterial-arterial embolization or atheroembolism which may be spontaneous or iatrogenic. Patients with spontaneous atheroembolism often have painful, cyanotic digits of acute onset.

Also Known As:

Networked: 146 relevant articles (6 outcomes, 4 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Chronic Kidney Failure (Chronic Renal Failure)
2.	Hemolysis
3.	Acute Kidney Injury (Acute Renal Failure)
4.	Interstitial Nephritis (Tubulointerstitial Nephritis)
5.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)

Experts

1.	Bush, Ruth L: 2 articles (02/2021 - 04/2002)
2.	Ikari, Yuji: 2 articles (01/2019 - 01/2014)
3.	Shinozaki, Norihiko: 2 articles (01/2019 - 01/2014)
4.	Kronzon, Itzhak: 2 articles (11/2011 - 06/2001)
5.	Wholey, Michael: 2 articles (06/2011 - 03/2008)
6.	Gutiérrez, E: 2 articles (01/2010 - 01/2003)
7.	Morales, E: 2 articles (01/2010 - 01/2003)
8.	Praga, M: 2 articles (01/2010 - 01/2003)
9.	Craven, Timothy E: 2 articles (07/2007 - 07/2006)
10.	Edwards, Matthew S: 2 articles (07/2007 - 07/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cholesterol Embolism:

1.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 04/01/2001 - "Small dose oral corticosteroid treatment rapidly improved renal function in a patient with an acute aggravation of chronic renal failure due to cholesterol embolism." 08/01/2003 - "Concerning apheresis, combined therapy consisting of plasma exchange and low to intermediate-dose corticosteroid therapy has been shown to be effective in multivisceral cholesterol embolism. " 03/01/2019 - "We report a case of cholesterol embolism after renal artery stenting that was successfully treated with corticosteroids and alprostadil." 03/01/2019 - "Treatment of Cholesterol Embolism With Corticosteroids and Alprostadil." 08/01/2003 - "Efficiency of colchicine and corticosteroids in a leg ulceration with cholesterol embolism in a woman with rheumatoid arthritis."
2.	oxidized low density lipoproteinIBA 05/01/2006 - "LDL apheresis for cholesterol embolism following coronary artery bypass graft surgery--a case report." 08/01/2003 - "Low density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis has been reported to be beneficial for cholesterol embolism-induced damage to the skin and brain." 04/01/1999 - "LDL apheresis as intensive lipid-lowering therapy for cholesterol embolism."
3.	1-(2-(dodecyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride (DEP)IBA 07/01/2006 - "Strategies to limit the occurrence of atheroembolism, such as the use of distal embolic protection (DEP) systems, may result in improved outcomes after RA-PTAS. " 07/01/2007 - "To further characterize procedure-associated atheroembolism, we analyzed recovered atheroembolic debris and clinical data from patients undergoing RA-PTAS with distal embolic protection (DEP). " 07/01/2006 - "These data suggest that DEP use may prevent renal function harm during RA-PTAS as a result of atheroembolism and warrant further investigation."
4.	LDL Lipoproteins (beta Lipoproteins)IBA 08/01/2003 - "Low density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis has been reported to be beneficial for cholesterol embolism-induced damage to the skin and brain."
5.	Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA)IBA 08/01/2016 - "In addition, 11 cases of cholesterol embolism associated with ANCA reported in the literature were discussed in the present study." 08/01/2016 - "At present, the role of ANCA in cholesterol embolism remains unclear and no effective treatment is currently available. " 08/01/2016 - "Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in cholesterol embolism: A case report and literature review." 07/01/2010 - "Cholesterol embolism associated with MPO-ANCA." 01/01/2006 - "ANCA in atheroembolism; just a coincidence or bearing cause and effect?"
6.	Myeloblastin (Proteinase 3)IBA 08/01/2016 - "The present study reports the case of an Asian male who presented with spontaneous cholesterol embolism with proteinase 3 (PR3)-specific ANCA, subacute interstitial nephritis and late-developing skin lesions. "
7.	CholesterolIBA 03/15/2021 - "Cholesterol crystal embolization (CCE) shows a poor prognosis and it can cause ischemic organ damage due to a cholesterol embolism from atherosclerotic lesions in large blood vessels. " 07/01/2012 - "The proximity of the kidneys to the abdominal aorta and the large renal blood supply make the kidney a frequent target organ for cholesterol atheroembolism. " 01/01/2012 - "Cholesterol atheroembolism (CAE) is a systemic disorder whose incidence has increased in recent decades and that presents high morbidity and mortality. " 06/01/2010 - "Cholesterol embolism (CE) is characterized by emboli containing cholesterol crystal in the arterioles, most commonly found in the skin and the kidney. " 09/01/2009 - "Atheroembolism is believed to be caused by the release of microscopic plaque fragments and cholesterol crystals from the RAS or atherosclerotic aorta. "
8.	AnticoagulantsIBA 01/01/2023 - "Possible influence of atheroembolism in anticoagulant-related nephropathy: a nephrology image." 08/20/1994 - "Anticoagulants were stopped and we noticed no further cholesterol embolism or further decline of renal function. " 06/01/1991 - "Cholesterol embolism occurrence might have been precipitated in this patient by thrombolytic and anticoagulant therapy." 01/01/2018 - "Cholesterol embolisms as possible adverse drug reaction of direct oral anticoagulants." 07/01/2012 - "Cholesterol embolism occurs in patients suffering from diffuse erosive atherosclerosis, usually after triggering causes, such as aortic surgery, arterial invasive procedures (angiography, left heart catheterization and coronary angioplasty) and anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy. "
9.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 05/16/1998 - "[On the value of research on retinal cholesterol embolism]." 02/15/1995 - "To determine whether asymptomatic retinal cholesterol embolism is a risk factor for vascular events. " 02/15/1995 - "Asymptomatic retinal cholesterol embolism is an important risk factor for cerebral infarction independent of commonly recognized vascular risk factors." 05/01/1999 - "The other principal clinical features in these patients were cardiac failure with pulmonary edema (61%), gastrointestinal ischemia (33%), cutaneous ischemia (90%), and retinal cholesterol embolism (22%). " 07/01/1981 - "However, renal cholesterol embolism may be clinically diagnosed when renal failure develops after known inciting factors or together with systemic manifestations of atheromatous embolization such as lower extremity livedo reticularis, focal digital ischemia or retinal embolism. "
10.	StreptokinaseFDA Link 02/06/1988 - "Cholesterol embolism in a renal graft after treatment with streptokinase." 05/01/1998 - "Cholesterol embolism and acute interstitial nephritis: two adverse effects of streptokinase thrombolytic therapy in the same patient." 01/01/1991 - "Syndrome caused by multiple cholesterol embolism can be seen as a complication in patients affected by acute myocardial infarction, treated with streptokinase thrombolytic therapy. " 01/01/1991 - "[Syndrome of multiple cholesterol embolism after parenteral streptokinase therapy of acute myocardial infarct: description of an autopsy case]."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 02/01/2005 - "Further advances in therapy consisting of distal protection to diminish procedural atheroembolism and aggressive adjunctive medical therapy may allow clearly demonstrable benefits of renal artery stenting in prevention of ischemic nephropathy and reduction of cardiovascular events." 02/01/2001 - "Cholesterol embolism rarely occurs after angiographic or interventional procedures, but is difficult to diagnose clinically and there is no established therapy. " 01/24/1970 - "[Cholesterol embolism in the course of antiluetic therapy]." 11/15/1969 - "[Cholesterol embolism in the course of antiluetic therapy]." 05/01/1994 - "Most patients (62%) had spontaneous bouts of atheroembolism, but 13 (21%) had recently undergone an inciting invasive radiologic study, 10 (16%) were on anticoagulation therapy, and one (2%) experienced abdominal trauma. "
2.	Ligation 05/01/1990 - "In 12 patients with severe cardiopulmonary disease and limited life expectancy, exclusion-ligation bypass is an effective and safe palliative procedure for severe disseminated atheroembolism." 07/01/1987 - "In the high-risk patient, axillobifemoral bypass with iliac ligation may be used to treat recurrent painful atheroembolism to the feet. " 12/01/1982 - "To reduce the incidence of atheroembolism at reoperation, we advocate ligation of the vein graft at the level of the distal anastomosis as early as possible during dissection on reopening the chest."
3.	Blood Component Removal (Apheresis) 05/01/2006 - "LDL apheresis for cholesterol embolism following coronary artery bypass graft surgery--a case report." 08/01/2003 - "Concerning apheresis, combined therapy consisting of plasma exchange and low to intermediate-dose corticosteroid therapy has been shown to be effective in multivisceral cholesterol embolism. " 08/01/2003 - "Low density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis has been reported to be beneficial for cholesterol embolism-induced damage to the skin and brain." 04/01/1999 - "LDL apheresis as intensive lipid-lowering therapy for cholesterol embolism."
4.	Cannula 01/18/2013 - "Results indicate that the BSC exhibited a significant improvement of the cannula performance in terms of CEP with no significant change in the risk for other hemodynamic complications, such as hemolysis or atheroembolism (AP and IH). " 01/18/2013 - "Hemodynamic efficacy and CEP were assessed via trajectories of particle released from the surgical region, while the cannula feasibility was evaluated through potential for atheroembolism (AP) and index for hemolysis (IH). " 03/01/2005 - "The removal of an aortic cannula at the termination of cardiopulmonary bypass is occasionally associated with complications like bleeding, atheroembolism and dissection. "
5.	Plasma Exchange 08/01/2003 - "Concerning apheresis, combined therapy consisting of plasma exchange and low to intermediate-dose corticosteroid therapy has been shown to be effective in multivisceral cholesterol embolism. "