Cell Wall Skeleton

A mucoprotein found in the cell wall of various types of bacteria. It has adjuvant and antitumor activities and has been used to augment the production of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells.

Networked: 127 relevant articles (12 outcomes, 14 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Yano, Ikuya: 4 articles (02/2014 - 03/2010)
2.	Akaza, Hideyuki: 3 articles (02/2014 - 10/2010)
3.	Matsumoto, Misako: 3 articles (07/2010 - 05/2005)
4.	Seya, Tsukasa: 3 articles (07/2010 - 05/2005)
5.	Azuma, Ichiro: 3 articles (12/2009 - 07/2004)
6.	Azuma, I: 3 articles (06/2008 - 01/2001)
7.	Nakaya, Akihiro: 2 articles (02/2014 - 11/2011)
8.	Nakamura, Takashi: 2 articles (02/2014 - 11/2011)
9.	Harashima, Hideyoshi: 2 articles (02/2014 - 11/2011)
10.	Miyazaki, Jun: 2 articles (02/2014 - 11/2011)

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 07/01/2004 - "In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that WT1 peptide vaccination combined with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) was more effective for eradication of WT1-expressing tumor cells that had been implanted into mice before vaccination (a "therapeutic" model) compared with WT1 peptide vaccination alone. " 09/01/1975 - "CW and cell-wall skeleton (CWS) preparations from Mycobacterium phlei, a fast-growing saprophyte of group IV of the atypical mycobacteria, suppressed tumor growth in essentially all animals when 37.5-mug doses were administered; at a dose of 300 mug, they cured 50-60% of the animals in regression tests. " 03/01/2007 - "To investigate the effects of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) on the HeLa cell line, one of the cell lines of human cervical cancer, infected with HPV. " 12/15/2006 - "dendritic cell administration by combining dendritic cells stimulated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) additionally with cryoablative pretreatment of tumors and analyzed the therapeutic mechanisms. " 12/15/2006 - "Enhancement of immunologic tumor regression by intratumoral administration of dendritic cells in combination with cryoablative tumor pretreatment and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin cell wall skeleton stimulation."
2.	Acute Myeloid Leukemia (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia) 04/15/1986 - "Randomized controlled study of chemoimmunotherapy of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in adults with Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton and irradiated allogeneic AML cells." 03/01/1983 - "Chemoimmunotherapy for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with BCG- and/or Nocardia rubra-cell wall skeleton (CWS). " 03/01/1983 - "Chemoimmunotherapy for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with BCG-and/or Nocardia rubra-cell wall skeleton (CWS). " 12/01/1978 - "Chemoimmunotherapy of acute myelogenous leukemia with BCG-cell wall skeleton (CWS)." 04/01/1986 - "[Immunotherapy of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in adults with the Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton]."
3.	Lung Neoplasms (Lung Cancer) 02/01/1979 - "Effect of Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton on the induction of lung cancer in ACI/N rats." 01/01/1985 - "[Randomized controlled study on adjuvant immunotherapy for unresectable lung cancer with Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton]." 11/01/1983 - "Randomized controlled study of adjuvant immunotherapy with Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton for inoperable lung cancer." 04/01/1983 - "[Effect of adjuvant immunotherapy with Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton in lung cancer]." 02/01/1983 - "[Immunotherapy of resectable lung cancer using Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton]."
4.	Malignant Pleural Effusion 08/01/1983 - "The intrapleural injection of BCG cell wall skeleton (BCG-CWS) is thought to be beneficial in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion. " 01/01/1987 - "The ability of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS) to augment macrophage cytotoxicity function was examined using human pleural macrophages prepared from 32 malignant pleural effusions and 53 pleural washings. " 08/01/1984 - "A randomized controlled study of intrapleural instillation of Adriamycin (control group, 30 patients) and Adriamycin Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS group, 26 patients) with tube thoracostomy was performed in 55 patients with malignant pleural effusion due to primary lung cancer. "
5.	Melanoma (Melanoma, Malignant) 04/01/1995 - "Towards this end, we examined whether the immunogenicity of a melanoma vaccine could be potentiated by DETOX, an adjuvant consisting of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and purified mycobacterial cell-wall skeleton (CWS). " 10/15/1991 - "AM were incubated for 16 h in medium with various macrophage activators [lipopolysaccharide, des-methyl muramyldipeptide, Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton, and heptanoyl-gamma-D-Glu-(L)-meso-alpha,epsilon-A2pm(L)-D-Al aOH] in the presence or absence of IL-4, and then their tumoricidal activity was assayed by measuring 125I-UdR release from human melanoma (A375) cells. " 09/04/1991 - "We examined the effect of a new adjuvant consisting of purified mycobacterial cell wall skeleton (CWS) and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) on the immunogenicity of a murine melanoma vaccine. " 08/01/1979 - "The clinical efficacy of intralesional immunotherapy utilizing Mycobacterium smegmatis cell wall skeleton (CWS) and trehalose dimycolate attached to oil droplets was investigated in 15 patients with advanced malignant melanoma. " 08/01/1979 - "Intralesional immunotherapy of malignant melanoma with mycobacterium smegmatis cell wall skeleton combined with trehalose dimycolate (P3)."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Nocardia cell wall skeleton
2.	monophosphoryl lipid A
3.	Trehalose
4.	Interleukin-2 (IL2)
5.	Antigens
6.	squalane
7.	Fluorouracil (Carac)
8.	Bacterial Antigens
9.	Epitopes
10.	Antibodies

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunotherapy
2.	Radiotherapy
3.	Cryosurgery
4.	Thoracostomy
5.	Injections