Liver Failure

Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 5470 relevant articles (241 outcomes, 310 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Liver Diseases (Liver Disease)
2.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)
3.	Hepatitis
4.	Infection
5.	Chronic Hepatitis B

Experts

1.	Butterworth, Roger F: 20 articles (09/2014 - 07/2002)
2.	Felipo, Vicente: 19 articles (01/2015 - 07/2002)
3.	Shimada, Hiroshi: 18 articles (07/2011 - 01/2002)
4.	Togo, Shinji: 17 articles (07/2011 - 01/2002)
5.	Kobayashi, Naoya: 14 articles (02/2014 - 01/2003)
6.	Endo, Itaru: 14 articles (05/2012 - 03/2002)
7.	Tanaka, Kuniya: 14 articles (05/2012 - 03/2002)
8.	Uemoto, Shinji: 13 articles (10/2015 - 06/2002)
9.	Jalan, Rajiv: 13 articles (07/2015 - 08/2002)
10.	Pinna, Antonio Daniele: 12 articles (01/2016 - 06/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Liver Failure:

1.	Lamivudine (3TC)FDA Link 11/01/2007 - "It is suggested that lamivudine therapy is beneficial for patients after initial treatment for HBV-related HCC because it contributes to improving remnant liver function, thus decreasing the risk of liver failure and increasing the chances of receiving available treatment modalities for recurrent HCC." 03/01/2005 - "Lamivudine monotherapy conferred no significant protection against rapid progression of the disease to hepatic failure, but it resulted in long-term benefits. " 11/01/2008 - "The aims of this study were to select the patients with a potential for progression to hepatic failure due to lamivudine-resistant HBV and to standardize the treatment for patients with lamivudine-resistant HBV. " 06/04/1999 - "A marked reduction of virus particles in the blood occurred after a therapeutic trial with the nucleoside analog lamivudine, but the patient died of liver failure 30 days after admission. " 06/01/2010 - "Hepatic Failure Caused by Reactivation of YMDD Mutants Occurring during Preemptive Lamivudine Therapy."
2.	BilirubinIBA 08/01/2015 - "The International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS) defined posthepatectomy liver failure as pathological values for the international normalized ratio (INR) and bilirubin 5 days after liver resection. " 03/01/2014 - "In 2011, the International Study Group of Liver Surgery defined posthepatectomy liver failure using the prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR) and total serum bilirubin concentration (T-Bil). " 12/01/2013 - "Posthepatectomy liver failure was defined according to the "50-50 criteria" (ie, prothrombin time <50% and serum bilirubin >50 µmol/L on postoperative day 5) and the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS) classification. " 07/01/2002 - "It removes bilirubin and other albumin-bound toxins from the patient and has been shown by preliminary studies of liver failure patients to be beneficial. " 08/17/2015 - "Although AQ treatment was extended to 10 weeks and total bilirubin levels were significantly elevated compared to control, there was no further increase from weeks 7 to 10, and the animals did not develop overt liver failure. "
3.	AmmoniaIBA 06/01/2011 - "The available scientific evidence supports the adoption of LOLA infusion as a treatment for clinical encephalopathy in patients with liver failure, because it has been shown to improve neuropsychiatric status and decrease serum levels of ammonia with a low incidence of adverse effects (less than 5%)." 08/01/2005 - "Furthermore, this system improved the survival time and decreased serum concentrations of DZP, ammonia, and transaminase in dogs with ischemic hepatic failure plus acute DZP overdosage. " 01/01/2012 - "Our study identifies a threshold of exposure to ammonia (≥200 μmol/L) above which mortality increases significantly, especially in liver failure. " 07/01/2005 - "A direct effect of ammonia on GABAergic neurotransmission was proposed as a mechanism that may explain its neurotoxic effect on the basis of electrophysiological and biochemical studies performed in animal models of liver failure. " 02/01/1994 - "Administration of a branched-chain amino acid preparation during hepatic failure: a study emphasizing ammonia metabolism."
4.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 03/27/2014 - "Surgical resection is still the best treatment option, but only a few of these patients are candidates for surgery: multilobar disease, insufficient liver reserve that will lead to liver failure after resection, extra-hepatic disease, proximity to major bile ducts and vessels, and co-morbidities. " 01/01/2014 - "Herb supplements are widely used by Asian athletes; however, there are no studies evaluated the co-effects of exercise and herb supplements on hepatic failure. " 03/01/2013 - " first pharmacovigilance study of VPA-associated liver failure indicates a higher rate of non-fatal and fatal liver failure when VPA is given with co-medication as compared to monotherapy. " 02/01/2012 - "We identify a small-molecule inhibitor of Cx32 that protects against liver failure and death in wild-type mice when co-administered with known hepatotoxic drugs. " 05/21/2011 - "In addition, co-cultured hepatocytes maintained a proliferative capability despite of the insult from liver failure serum. "
5.	Branched-Chain Amino AcidsIBA 07/01/2014 - "Improvement in the nutritional status and clinical conditions of patients with liver failure using a liver diet combined with a branched chain amino acids-enriched elemental diet." 12/01/1997 - "Selective increases of extracellular brain concentrations of aromatic and branched-chain amino acids in relation to deterioration of neurological status in acute (ischemic) liver failure." 11/01/1991 - "[Oral supplementation of branched-chain amino acids in patients with hepatic failure]." 01/01/1986 - "Administration of solutions high in branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) has been advocated in patients with severe liver failure; however, the effect of this treatment on the process of liver regeneration is still unclear. " 11/01/1981 - "Multiple systems organ failure: VII. Reduction in plasma branched-chain amino acids--correlations with liver failure and amino acid infusion."
6.	Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "Paracetamol induced liver failure varies widely across Europe, study finds." 10/01/2007 - "The findings from this study demonstrate that hepatic efflux transporter expression is up-regulated in cases of APAP-induced liver failure and PBC. " 09/01/2007 - "To compare the reported occurrence of liver failure in subjects in prospective trials with that in patients in retrospective reports after repeated use of therapeutic dosages of acetaminophen. " 01/01/2003 - "Much effort is being devoted to the study of the molecular mechanisms of paracetamol hepatotoxicity, and it is hoped that further advances may make it possible to prevent liver failure in all patients, irrespective of delays in presentation. " 11/01/1997 - "However, multicentered collaborative study is necessary to determine whether acetaminophen intoxication causes less hepatic failure in Chinese children than in Western children."
7.	AntibodiesIBA 05/19/2014 - "We recently reported eight cases of INH-induced liver failure in which patients had antidrug and anticytochrome P450 antibodies. " 10/01/2007 - "We found that there are two different types of progression in PBC; one is a hepatic failure-type progression which is represented by positive anti-gp210 antibodies and the other is a portalhypertension-type progression which is represented by positive anticentromere antibodies. " 03/01/2005 - "The serial quantitation of serum anti-gp210-C-terminal peptide antibodies is useful for monitoring the effect of UDCA and for the early identification of patients at high risk for end-stage hepatic failure." 12/01/2004 - "ANAs in general, and anti-centromere antibodies in particular, are associated with liver failure in PBC. " 12/01/2004 - "Anti-centromere antibodies were also associated with a shorter time to liver failure (log rank score 8.4, P = .004). "
8.	Urea (Carbamide)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2012 - "Peak ammonemia ≥200 μmol/L within the first 48 h was an independent risk factor for mortality, with greater risk found in liver failure than in urea cycle defect. " 01/01/2012 - "Ninety patients with liver failure (63.3%) and primary or secondary urea cycle defect (23.3%) were included. " 01/01/1996 - "During liver failure, urea synthesis capacity is impaired. " 12/01/1988 - "Plasma urea, an unreliable indicator of renal function in hepatic failure." 12/01/1997 - "The higher uptake of 15N to amide-N of Gln in FHF rats at 60 min after injection suggests that excessive administration of BCAA to patients with severely impaired urea-cycle capacity suffering with hepatic failure may lead to greater levels of hyperammonemia."
9.	Hepatitis B e AntigensIBA 02/01/2002 - "To clarify the association of hepatitis B virus mutants in precore and core promoter regions in patients with hepatic failure and HBeAg state. " 11/01/1997 - "Fourteen untreated patients died (from liver failure in 10 and HCC in 4); all but 3 had continued to be HBeAg-positive with elevated ALT. " 05/30/1996 - "During follow-up, 6 of the 103 treated patients died of liver failure, and 2 needed liver transplantation, all 8 were persistently positive for HBeAg. " 12/01/2008 - "To investigate the clinical features and the short-term efficacy of ETV treatment of 132 HBeAg negative and 51 HBeAg the HBeAg negative acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure. " 04/01/2014 - "At the time of hepatic failure, HBeAg seropositivity was detected in 4 patients, including one patient who also showed seropositivity for the hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb). "
10.	entecavirFDA Link 07/01/2012 - "Antiviral treatment with entecavir was promptly initiated, but the patient died from liver failure. " 02/01/2012 - "Patient died after 9 months of entecavir treatment from liver failure. " 10/01/2011 - "Whereupon entecavir treatment was started and no liver failure ensued. " 03/01/2015 - "The efficacy and safety of entecavir in patients with chronic hepatitis B- associated liver failure: a meta-analysis." 06/01/2012 - "[Impending liver failure after chemoimmunotherapy-induced reactivation of hepatitis B - successful treatment with entecavir]."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Liver Transplantation 05/28/2014 - "Liver transplantation (LT) is the best treatment for end-stage hepatic failure, with an excellent survival rates over the last decade. " 03/01/2010 - "Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the best treatment to restore liver function in liver failure. " 06/27/1999 - "The observations and results obtained in this trial strongly confirm that extracorporeal perfusion through a whole liver, using the system described, is very successful and cost effective for the treatment of acute, but reversible hepatic failure, as well as serving as a bridge to liver transplantation. " 08/01/2013 - "Pharmacological intervention targeting lncRNA-LALR1 may be therapeutically beneficial in liver failure and liver transplantation by inducing liver regeneration." 01/01/2012 - "Liver transplantation has been a successful therapy for liver failure. "
2.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 10/28/2013 - "Transplantation of cell lineages involved in liver regeneration, including mature hepatocytes, fetal hepatocytes, fetal liver progenitor cells, fetal stem cells, hepatic progenitor cells, hepatic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood stem cells, have been found to be beneficial in the treatment of liver failure. " 01/01/2015 - "Adult stem cell-derived hepatocytes transplantation holds considerable promise for future clinical individualized therapy of liver failure or dysfunction. " 06/01/2008 - "Intravenous transplantation was more effective in rescuing liver failure than intrasplenic transplantation. " 01/01/2009 - "Hepatocyte transplantation is effective for treating liver failure, but healthy donors as a source of hepatocytes are quite limited. " 01/01/2005 - "Transplantation of the purified hepatocyte-like cells derived from mouse ES cells might be an effective treatment for liver failure."
3.	Artificial Liver (Bioartificial Liver) 01/01/2006 - "The significant improvement of survival times and pathological parameters by bioartificial liver with recombinant HepG2 in porcine liver failure model." 06/01/2014 - "Non-bioartificial liver support systems (NBALs) have been shown to be effective in improving the clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters of patients with liver failure. " 03/14/2007 - "Bioartificial liver support, in which living liver tissue is used to support hepatic function, has been anticipated as an effective treatment for hepatic failure. " 01/01/2002 - "Bioartificial liver support systems containing adsorbent devices, xenogeneic whole liver perfusion, and hybrid bioartificial liver are anticipated to be effective for the treatment of severe hepatic failure. " 03/01/2001 - "As a preclinical experiment, a hybrid artificial liver with 200 g porcine hepatocytes was applied to a pig (25 kg) with liver failure and showed that the hybrid artificial liver was effective in support of liver functions and stabilization of general conditions. "
4.	Transplants (Transplant) 09/01/2003 - "It should be suspected and diagnosed early since treatment is highly effective in preventing liver failure and transplant. " 04/01/2010 - "Time to transplant and waiting list mortality have significantly improved over the decade, but mortality remains high, especially for infants and adults with concomitant liver failure. " 12/01/2009 - "In our 18 patients, there were no statistically significant differences in any baseline characteristics or in the time with liver failure meeting transplant criteria between the patients who improved while waiting and those who did not. " 10/29/2005 - "The second patient had an incomplete remission and later developed liver failure; she was eligible for a liver transplant. " 01/01/1999 - "Technology has helped transplant intervention become a preferred treatment for patients with progressive and irreversible liver failure. "
5.	Plasma Exchange 05/01/2008 - "Owing to its non-selectivity, plasma exchange has limited use in the treatment of patients with hepatic failure, although it is effective in removal of protein-bound toxins. " 01/01/2007 - "Blood or plasma exchange, from a theoretical point of view, could be suitable for a polyvalent intoxication, such as liver failure; however, the multicompartmental distribution of some solutes largely endangers the efficacy of these procedures. " 01/01/1991 - "To evaluate the efficacy of plasma perfusion as a liver-assistance system, 17 patients with hepatic failure were treated with a total 37 sessions of plasma perfusion and 43 sessions of plasma exchange. " 01/01/2006 - "Practically speaking, we believe that plasma exchange (PE) and continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) are the most effective therapies for the treatment of liver failure, although randomized controlled studies are needed to determine their effects. " 06/01/2004 - "Study of plasma exchange for liver failure: beneficial and harmful effects."