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Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections

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Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.

Also Known As:

Infections, Gram-Negative Bacterial; Bacterial Infection, Gram-Negative; Bacterial Infections, Gram Negative; Gram Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infection; Infection, Gram-Negative Bacterial; Infections, Gram Negative Bacterial; Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative

Networked: 350 relevant articles (29 outcomes, 24 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Bacterial Infections and Mycoses
- Bacterial Infections: 10283
  - Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: 350

Related Diseases

1.	Sepsis (Septicemia)
2.	Infection
3.	Renal Insufficiency (Renal Failure)
4.	Bacteremia
5.	Keratitis

Experts

1.	Falagas, Matthew E: 7 articles (02/2010 - 01/2005)
2.	Fierke, Carol A: 4 articles (01/2011 - 07/2006)
3.	Michalopoulos, Argyris: 4 articles (02/2010 - 01/2005)
4.	Tam, Vincent H: 3 articles (12/2013 - 09/2005)
5.	Hernick, Marcy: 3 articles (01/2011 - 12/2006)
6.	Rafailidis, Petros I: 3 articles (02/2010 - 04/2008)
7.	Leulier, François: 3 articles (06/2009 - 06/2002)
8.	Kasiakou, Sofia K: 3 articles (12/2005 - 01/2005)
9.	Xu, J: 2 articles (11/2015 - 12/2012)
10.	Chen, Chao: 2 articles (03/2015 - 02/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 04/01/1995 - "The 2-pyridones are potent, orally available antibacterial agents with efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections in mice." 04/01/2001 - "This resistance limits the arsenal of antibiotics that are effective in treating gram-negative bacterial infections. " 01/01/2016 - "Gram-negative bacterial infections due to nosocomial and opportunistic pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii are more difficult to treat because of their inherent and rapidly acquiring resistance to antibiotics. " 10/01/2015 - "New antibiotics and antimicrobial combination therapy for the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections." 11/01/2014 - "While both compounds also inhibited the antibiotic efflux properties of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, they did not display significant cytotoxicity toward human cells or mammalian Ca(2+) channel inhibitory effects, suggesting that ABEPI1 and ABEPI2 represent promising structural scaffolds for the development of new classes of bacterial antibiotic efflux pump inhibitors that can be used to potentiate the activities of current and future antibiotics for the therapeutic intervention of Gram-negative bacterial infections. "
2.	Colistin (Coly-Mycin)FDA Link 03/01/2010 - "Safety and efficacy of intravenous colistin (colistin methanesulphonate) for severe multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections." 01/01/2015 - "Nephrotoxicity is a dose-limiting factor of colistin, a last-line therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. " 12/01/2014 - "Colistin is a peptide antibiotic widely used as a feed additive in animal farming, especially in poultry and swine production, for treatment and prevention of gram-negative bacterial infections, as well as for growth promotion use. " 07/01/2014 - "Increasing use of colistin for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections has led to the emergence of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae in several countries worldwide, including Europe (especially Greece), and colistin resistance rates are continually increasing. " 10/01/2013 - "Colistin (polymixin E) is an antibiotic prescribed with resurging frequency for multidrug resistant gram negative bacterial infections. "
3.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1990 - "This interaction resulted in significantly higher and more prolonged concentrations of ciprofloxacin in serum, which may be beneficial in the treatment of serious gram-negative bacterial infections, but it could also produce greater toxicity or result in more pronounced effects on oxidative drug metabolism of other medications." 08/01/2000 - "Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis eliminates gram-negative bacterial infection in bile and minimizes sludge formation and may have a potential benefit in delaying stent blockage." 01/01/1993 - "The incidence of documented Gram-negative bacterial infections was markedly reduced by ciprofloxacin prophylaxis; however, the number of Gram-positive infections may increase dramatically. " 07/01/2009 - "Fluoroquinolones, particularly ciprofloxacin has been used indiscriminately for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections. " 09/01/1996 - "Prophylactic ciprofloxacin and rifampin is a well-tolerated and highly effective combination that effectively decreases the risk of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infection following HDC/ASCR. "
4.	Gentamicins (Gentamicin)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2003 - "Once-daily dosing (ODD) of gentamicin is advocated as an effective and safe treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections in adults. " 02/01/1995 - "Fifty children aged 3 months--16 y with Gram-negative bacterial infections, were evaluated in this open randomized study; 26 received gentamicin 4.5 mg/kg/day, once daily, and 24 received the same daily dosage, in three divided doses. " 04/01/2015 - "Gentamicin is an effective aminoglycoside antibiotic employed against severe Gram-negative bacterial infections, but induction of nephrotoxicity limits its frequent clinical use. " 06/01/2014 - "Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat gram-negative bacterial infections. " 02/08/2013 - "Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside widely used in treatments of, in particular, enterococcal, mycobacterial, and severe Gram-negative bacterial infections. "
5.	Aztreonam FDA LinkGeneric 02/08/1985 - "Multicenter trials were conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of aztreonam in the treatment of patients with gram-negative bacterial infections. " 04/01/1992 - "A randomized double-blind clinical trial was done of aztreonam versus aminoglycoside therapy for the empiric treatment of seriously ill nonneutropenic patients suspected of aerobic gram-negative bacterial infection. " 05/01/1991 - "On the basis of these data, aztreonam is considered an appropriate alternative agent for the treatment of serious gram-negative bacterial infections in neonates and children. " 05/01/1991 - "The in vitro activity, pharmacokinetics, bactericidal activity, and tissue penetration of aztreonam suggest that it may play a role in therapy for serious gram-negative bacterial infections in children. " 05/01/1989 - "Efficacy and safety of low dose aztreonam in the treatment of moderate to severe gram-negative bacterial infections."
6.	Tobramycin (Nebcin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2014 - "Tobramycin is an important broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used against severe Gram-negative bacterial infections. " 05/01/1978 - "Thirty-one patients with severe gram-negative bacterial infections were treated successfully with a combination of cefamandole nafate plus gentamicin or tobramycin. " 01/01/1987 - "In an examination of the relationships among plasma aminoglycoside concentrations, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the infecting organism, and therapeutic outcome, data were analyzed from 236 patients with gram-negative bacterial infections who were participants in four clinical trials of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin. " 07/01/2011 - "Aminoglycoside antibiotics such as amikacin and tobramycin are the most commonly used treatment against Gram-negative bacterial infections. " 05/01/1978 - "Efficacy and safety of cefamandole plus either gentamicin or tobramycin in therapy of severe gram-negative bacterial infections."
7.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 08/04/2008 - "Consistent with our findings in mice, dual blockade of TLR2 and TLR4 inhibited TNF-alpha release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells upon Gram-negative bacterial infection/antibiotic therapy. " 08/01/2004 - "These low responses of patients' blood to LPS or TNF-alpha support our finding that phagocytes are not fully activated when gram-negative bacterial infections occur." 09/01/1993 - "We assessed the effect of two factors associated with gram-negative bacterial infection, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNF-alpha, on polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes (PMN) obtained from adult or newborns (umbilical cord blood). " 05/01/1993 - "We conclude that the magnitude and kinetics of TNF-alpha production and TNF-alpha-dependent immunophysiological responses are differentially regulated after lethal fungal vs. gram-negative bacterial infection. " 06/01/2000 - "Recent studies have shown that mast cell-derived TNF-alpha plays a critical role in host defense against Gram negative bacterial infections by the recruitment of neutrophils to the sites of infection. "
8.	Norfloxacin FDA Link 01/01/1988 - "We have previously demonstrated that the ability to suppress bacterial colonization of this site with oral norfloxacin prophylaxis (400 mg every 12 h) affects the incidence and distribution of aerobic gram-negative bacterial infections and the overall management of infectious complications in this patient population. " 01/01/1988 - "We have now determined the broad impact of continuous, long-term use of oral norfloxacin on aerobic gram-negative bacterial infection and colonization, overall management of presumed and documented infections during marrow aplasia and emergence of clinically significant antibiotic resistant pathogens during intensive antileukemic chemotherapy. " 01/01/1986 - "The efficacy of norfloxacin administered prophylactically throughout the course of intensive therapy and deep (less than 100 mm/3), prolonged (median 32 day) granulocytopenia against infections arising from the GI tract was demonstrated by its impact on the clinical manifestations of infection, microbiologically documented gram negative bacterial infections, overall antibiotic management, and GI colonization. " 01/01/1987 - "Oral norfloxacin for prevention of gram-negative bacterial infections in patients with acute leukemia and granulocytopenia. " 12/01/1989 - "Prevention of gram-negative bacterial infection in granulocytopenic patients: a randomized study comparing oral norfloxacin with gentamycin."
9.	IMT504IBA 02/01/2015 - "IMT504 immunotherapy provides a remarkable survival advantage in bacteremia and sepsis in neutropenic animals and deserves further study as a new treatment option in patients with, or at risk for, severe Gram-negative bacterial infections and sepsis."
10.	enrofloxacinIBA 10/01/1990 - "Based on the concentrations achieved in these preliminary trials and the susceptibility patterns of gram-negative bacteria isolated from psittacine birds, drinking water medicated with enrofloxacin at 0.19-0.75 mg/ml might be effective for treating highly susceptible gram-negative bacterial infections in African grey parrots."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunotherapy 01/01/1995 - "Immunotherapy in gram-negative bacterial infections." 12/01/1992 - "[Immunotherapy of severe gram-negative bacterial infections. " 02/01/2015 - "IMT504 immunotherapy provides a remarkable survival advantage in bacteremia and sepsis in neutropenic animals and deserves further study as a new treatment option in patients with, or at risk for, severe Gram-negative bacterial infections and sepsis."
2.	Intensive Care (Surgical Intensive Care) 11/01/1988 - "In a prospective randomized study to determine whether prevention of colonization of Gram-negative bacteria results in prevention of Gram-negative bacterial infections, 96 intensive care patients were randomly allocated into a control group and a study group. " 01/01/2011 - "Actually, colistin is increasingly put forward as salvage or even first-line treatment for severe multidrug-resistant, Gram-negative bacterial infections, particularly in the intensive care setting. "
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 04/01/2006 - "Our study focused on immunization of recipient and donor mice with endotoxin prior to transplantation, in an attempt to reduce mortality caused by gram-negative bacterial infections posttransplantation. " 09/27/2011 - "In this cohort of liver transplant recipients with long-term follow-up, no significant association was observed between TLR4 D299G and T399I SNPs and the risk and outcome of gram-negative bacterial infections." 09/27/2011 - "TLR4 D299G and T399I SNPs were assessed in a cohort of 706 liver transplant recipients and were associated with the clinical characteristics and outcome of gram-negative bacterial infections. "
4.	Ligation 09/01/2009 - "In this study, we unexpectedly found that CD137 activation aggravated polymicrobial sepsis due to mixed gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infection induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). " 01/01/2006 - "During systemic gram-negative bacterial infections, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ligation to the hepatic Toll-like receptor-4 complex induces the production of hepatic acute phase proteins that are involved in the host response to infection and limit the associated inflammatory process. "
5.	Length of Stay 04/01/2009 - "To review studies addressing mortality, length of stay (LOS), and cost of resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections in the intensive care unit (ICU). " 02/01/2013 - "Routine use of prolonged infusion of time-dependent antibiotics for the empiric treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections offers no advantage over intermittent infusion antibiotic therapy with regard to treatment success, mortality, or hospital length of stay. "