Ehrlichiosis

A tick-borne disease characterized by FEVER; HEADACHE; myalgias; ANOREXIA; and occasionally RASH. It is caused by several bacterial species and can produce disease in DOGS; CATTLE; SHEEP; GOATS; HORSES; and humans. The primary species causing human disease are EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS; ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM; and Ehrlichia ewingii.

Also Known As:

E chaffeensis Infection; E ewingii Infection; E. chaffeensis Infection; E. ewingii Infection; Ehrlichia Infection; Ehrlichia chaffeensis Infection; Ehrlichia ewingii Infection; Human Ehrlichiosis; E chaffeensis Infections; E ewingii Infections; E. ewingii Infections; Ehrlichia Infections; Ehrlichia chaffeensis Infections; Ehrlichia ewingii Infections; Ehrlichioses; Human Ehrlichioses; Infection, E chaffeensis; Infection, E. chaffeensis; Infections, E chaffeensis

Networked: 446 relevant articles (18 outcomes, 31 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Infections: 526564
- Vector Borne Diseases: 374
  - Tick-Borne Diseases: 496
    - Ehrlichiosis: 446
      - Heartwater Disease: 12
      - Sennetsu Fever: 2
- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses: 1
  - Bacterial Infections: 24368
    - Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: 918
      - Anaplasmataceae Infections: 12
        Ehrlichiosis: 446
        Heartwater Disease: 12
        Sennetsu Fever: 2

Related Diseases

1.	Babesiosis (Piroplasmosis)
2.	Infections
3.	Rickettsia Infections
4.	Lyme Disease (Disease, Lyme)
5.	Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Sao Paulo Typhus)

Experts

1.	McBride, Jere W: 14 articles (10/2021 - 05/2003)
2.	Ismail, Nahed: 14 articles (01/2021 - 01/2004)
3.	Walker, David H: 13 articles (10/2021 - 05/2003)
4.	Rikihisa, Yasuko: 13 articles (01/2021 - 02/2002)
5.	Dumler, J S: 9 articles (03/2003 - 01/2000)
6.	Harrus, Shimon: 8 articles (02/2016 - 07/2003)
7.	Fikrig, E: 8 articles (09/2001 - 04/2000)
8.	Dumler, J Stephen: 7 articles (01/2020 - 01/2003)
9.	Breitschwerdt, Edward B: 6 articles (01/2021 - 11/2002)
10.	Mylonakis, Mathios E: 6 articles (02/2016 - 05/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Ehrlichiosis:

1.	Doxycycline (Periostat)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2007 - "Ineffective clearance of Ehrlichia canis after doxycycline administration has been reported despite the fact that the recommended treatment for canine ehrlichiosis is doxycycline. " 12/01/2010 - "Efficacy of a doxycycline treatment regimen initiated during three different phases of experimental ehrlichiosis." 02/01/1998 - "Dogs were experimentally inoculated with Ehrlichia canis Florida to assess the efficacy of doxycycline hyclate for the treatment of acute ehrlichiosis. " 01/01/2021 - "There was suspicion for ehrlichiosis prompting empiric doxycycline use. " 01/01/2021 - "Ehrlichiosis in immunocompromised patients can be life-threatening, and a strong index of suspicion is needed, especially in patients who live in endemic areas, for proper treatment initiation with doxycycline. "
2.	imidocarb dipropionateIBA 09/01/1994 - "The results of these experiments confirm that imidocarb dipropionate is effective in the treatment of canine ehrlichiosis." 09/01/1981 - "Six clinical and 10 experimentally-induced cases of canine ehrlichiosis were treated with imidocarb dipropionate. " 09/01/1981 - "Attempted treatment of canine ehrlichiosis with imidocarb dipropionate." 09/20/1980 - "A comparison of the efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate and tetracycline hydrochloride in the treatment of canine ehrlichiosis." 03/01/2000 - "Prospective comparative study of 3 treatment protocols using doxycycline or imidocarb dipropionate in dogs with naturally occurring ehrlichiosis."
3.	Rifampin (Rifampicin)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1998 - "Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis during pregnancy treated successfully with rifampin." 07/01/2013 - "Efficacy of rifampicin in the treatment of experimental acute canine monocytic ehrlichiosis." 01/01/2016 - "Successful Treatment of Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis with Rifampin." 09/01/2003 - "Successful treatment of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in children using rifampin." 12/01/1992 - "Further clinical investigations are necessary to evaluate the role of rifampin in the treatment of human ehrlichiosis, especially in children."
4.	TetracyclinesIBA 12/01/1992 - "Ehrlichiosis in humans, a rickettsial disease recently discovered in the United States, is generally treated successfully with tetracyclines; however treatment with these agents is usually avoided with children and pregnant women. " 01/01/2004 - "As the infection was treated easily with tetracyclines, clinical diagnosis was considered to be rickettsiosis or ehrlichiosis. " 10/01/2002 - "The tetracyclines, but not the beta-lactams, are effective for RMSF and the human ehrlichioses. " 01/01/2011 - "A medicines of choice in the ehrlichiosis treatment are antibiotics from the group of tetracyclines, given at least for 28 days. " 10/24/2005 - "The downward trend observed for canine heartworm in Brazil suggests that multiple pressures may be affecting the nematode transmission, including a possible decrease in mosquito vector population due to better control programs, reduction of transmission due to effective chemoprophylaxis, reduction of microfilaremic dog populations with the off-label use of injectable ivermectin, or reduction of the reproductive capacity of worms from tetracyclines used to control ehrlichiosis. "
5.	AntibodiesIBA 05/01/2000 - "The "gold standard" for the detection of antibodies to Ehrlichia canis, the cause of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME), is the indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test. " 09/28/2023 - "This study determined the occurrence of canine ehrlichiosis antibodies and its associated factors in Kenya and Tanzania. " 01/01/2001 - "Thirty animals from each flock were examined for granulocytic Ehrlichia infection in the peripheral blood by blood inoculation studies, stained blood smear evaluation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and serology (IFA-antibodies). " 10/01/2019 - "There are several diagnostic tests for ehrlichiosis such as the hematological ones that evaluate the morphology of the monocytes in search of morulae; serological tests that includes the search of anti-Ehrlichia antibodies, although they might be limited due to cross reaction with other species. " 09/01/2013 - "canis in dogs and the evidence of anti-Ehrlichia spp. antibodies in humans suggest that human cases of ehrlichiosis in Brazil might be caused by E. "
6.	CytokinesIBA 08/01/2006 - "inoculation), the immune response has the capacity to confer complete protection against monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, which is associated with a strong cell-mediated type-1 response and decreased systemic production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines." 10/01/2006 - "canis can induce chronic expression of a subset of proinflammatory cytokine genes: balance, timing, and duration of these cytokine generations may contribute to the progression of canine ehrlichiosis." 03/01/2002 - "Because IFN-gamma is an important cytokine during granulocytic ehrlichiosis and is known to activate leukocytes, we investigated the potential role of IFN-gamma in CD11b/CD18 up-regulation. " 01/01/2000 - "Serum cytokine responses during acute human granulocytic ehrlichiosis." 01/01/2000 - "Pathology, immunohistology, and cytokine responses in early phases of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a murine model."
7.	Tetracycline (Achromycin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1987 - "The monoclonal spike disappeared following tetracycline treatment for ehrlichiosis. " 01/01/1978 - "Two additional susceptible ponies, which were inoculated with convalescent blood or organ homogenates from ponies recovered from acute equine ehrlichiosis, treated with tetracycline, and subsequently challenge exposed with E equi-infective blood, did not develop clinical disease. " 12/01/1992 - "These observations are consistent with the finding that human ehrlichiosis appears to respond to tetracycline therapy, which has been the therapy of first choice. " 03/01/1985 - "In the absence of neurologic deficits and when dogs were treated with tetracycline, dogs with RMSF made a more rapid and consistent recovery than did dogs with ehrlichiosis." 09/20/1980 - "A comparison of the efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate and tetracycline hydrochloride in the treatment of canine ehrlichiosis."
8.	Membrane Proteins (Integral Membrane Proteins)IBA 01/01/2000 - "The 120-kDa outer membrane protein (p120) is a potential adhesin of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and recombinant p120 is very useful for serodiagnosis of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. " 12/01/2011 - "Immunization with Ehrlichia P28 outer membrane proteins confers protection in a mouse model of ehrlichiosis." 10/01/2002 - "Immunodominant 44 kDa major outer membrane proteins of Anaplasma phagocytophila (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent) are encoded by the p44 multigene family. " 09/01/2001 - "The p44 gene of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (aoHGE) encodes a 44-kDa major outer surface protein. " 01/15/2001 - "Genogroup II ehrlichia, including the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, Ehrlichia phagocytophila, and the bovine pathogen Anaplasma marginale, express a markedly immunodominant outer membrane protein designated major surface protein 2 (MSP2). "
9.	SolutionsIBA 01/01/2018 - "Here, the NMR solution structures of a reduced and oxidized thioredoxin from Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Ec-Trx, ECH_0218), the etiological agent responsible for human monocytic ehrlichiosis, are described. " 09/20/1980 - "A comparison of the efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate solution and tetracycline hydrochloride in the treatment of naturally occurring ehrlichiosis of dogs presented at the University of Nairobi small animal clinic was carried out. "
10.	Prednisolone (Predate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1992 - "Doxycycline and prednisolone were needed to obtain clinical remission, which underlines, that immune-mediated processes are important in the pathogenesis of Ehrlichiosis." 03/01/2013 - "The dog was treated with melphalan and prednisolone for suspected multiple myeloma and doxycycline for suspected ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 09/01/2009 - "The positive results of the molecular test and the positive reaction to the therapy are an indication of the first case of ehrlichiosis in a horse in Poland as confirmed in laboratory test." 01/01/2020 - "Knowledge of the mechanisms by which ROS production is inhibited may lead to the development of therapeutics for ehrlichiosis as well as other ROS-related pathologies." 01/01/2003 - "canis causes canine monocytic ehrlichioses (CME), a potentially fatal disease in dogs that requires rapid and accurate diagnosis in order to initiate appropriate therapy leading to a favorable prognosis. " 05/01/1999 - "Although leukocyte and platelet counts were normal on admission, they fell to abnormally low values then normalized prior to specific therapy against the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent. " 01/22/1996 - "Our objective was to review data on the clinical presentation, laboratory and epidemiological findings, therapy, and diagnostic procedures of patients with human ehrlichiosis due to E chaffeensis. "
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/1999 - "Eventually, however, she was diagnosed to have human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), and after treatment for HGE her clinical and laboratory abnormalities resolved. " 12/01/2007 - "Remission of cunical signs of adult-onset generalized demodicosis after treatment for concurrent babesiosis and/or granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs." 11/15/2004 - "The prognosis was reasonably good, with almost half of all patients showing no clinical signs after treatment, although Babesia and co-infections were associated with a significantly longer survival sometimes resulted than Ehrlichia infections." 01/01/2011 - "This study evaluated the expression of cytokines TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ, in splenic cells and blood leukocytes during the acute phase of ehrlichiosis and after treatment with doxycycline hyclate in dogs experimentally infected with the E. "
3.	Chemoprevention 05/20/2005 - "Epidemiological (cohort follow-up) and laboratory techniques studies were done to validate a programme of chemoprevention of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) with this molecule. " 05/20/2005 - "Validation of chemoprevention of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis with doxycycline." 10/24/2005 - "The downward trend observed for canine heartworm in Brazil suggests that multiple pressures may be affecting the nematode transmission, including a possible decrease in mosquito vector population due to better control programs, reduction of transmission due to effective chemoprophylaxis, reduction of microfilaremic dog populations with the off-label use of injectable ivermectin, or reduction of the reproductive capacity of worms from tetracyclines used to control ehrlichiosis. "
4.	Liver Transplantation 01/01/2022 - "Ehrlichiosis in a Recent Liver Transplant Recipient Leading to Multiorgan Failure." 01/01/2021 - "Challenges of Diagnosing Severe Ehrlichiosis in Orthotopic Liver Transplant Recipients." 06/15/2001 - "We report the second case of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) in a liver transplant recipient, and review the literature. " 10/27/1995 - "Human ehrlichiosis in a liver transplant recipient." 03/01/2001 - "To date there have been three cases of ehrlichiosis reported in the transplant population, a human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) infection in a liver transplant recipient and two cases of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) in kidney transplant recipients. "
5.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 12/29/2022 - "This review is intended to describe a brief overview of Ehrlichia infection in dogs, its reported prevalence in east and south Asian countries, and the latest knowledge regarding chemotherapy and associated vectors responsible for the disease transmission. " 08/01/2018 - "A Case of Chemotherapy and Immune Modulators Complicating the Diagnosis of Ehrlichiosis." 10/01/2002 - "To review the data regarding the pharmacotherapy of Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), and the human ehrlichioses. " 01/01/1999 - "These included chemotherapy-associated pancytopenia (n=22), parvovirus infection (n=5), malignant histiocytosis (n=5), idiopathic aplastic anemia (n=3), sepsis (n=3), myelodysplastic syndrome (n=3), immune-mediated hematologic disease (n=3), lymphoblastic leukemia (n=2), ehrlichiosis (n=2), estrogen toxicity (n=2), and multiple myeloma (n=1). "