Ehrlichiosis

A tick-borne disease characterized by FEVER; HEADACHE; myalgias; ANOREXIA; and occasionally RASH. It is caused by several bacterial species and can produce disease in DOGS; CATTLE; SHEEP; GOATS; HORSES; and humans. The primary species causing human disease are EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS; ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM; and Ehrlichia ewingii.

Also Known As:

Networked: 303 relevant articles (18 outcomes, 15 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Babesiosis (Piroplasmosis)
2.	Infection
3.	Lyme Disease (Disease, Lyme)
4.	Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Sao Paulo Typhus)
5.	Thrombocytopenia (Thrombopenia)

Experts

1.	Walker, David H: 13 articles (02/2015 - 05/2003)
2.	Ismail, Nahed: 10 articles (02/2015 - 01/2004)
3.	McBride, Jere W: 8 articles (12/2013 - 05/2003)
4.	Fikrig, E: 8 articles (09/2001 - 04/2000)
5.	Baneth, Gad: 6 articles (01/2015 - 05/2005)
6.	Harrus, Shimon: 6 articles (01/2015 - 11/2004)
7.	Rikihisa, Yasuko: 6 articles (08/2010 - 02/2002)
8.	Dumler, J S: 6 articles (03/2003 - 08/2000)
9.	Stevenson, Heather L: 5 articles (02/2015 - 03/2006)
10.	Thirumalapura, Nagaraja R: 5 articles (02/2015 - 08/2010)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Ehrlichiosis:

1.	Doxycycline (Vibramycin)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2007 - "Ineffective clearance of Ehrlichia canis after doxycycline administration has been reported despite the fact that the recommended treatment for canine ehrlichiosis is doxycycline. " 01/01/2015 - "The efficacy of a generic doxycycline tablet in the treatment of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis." 12/01/2010 - "Efficacy of a doxycycline treatment regimen initiated during three different phases of experimental ehrlichiosis." 01/01/2014 - "Doxycycline desensitization for a suspected case of ehrlichiosis." 03/01/2008 - "These data suggest that clinicians living in an area where Ehrlichia is endemic should have a high suspicion for ehrlichiosis, and a low threshold for instituting empiric antibiotic therapy with doxycycline."
2.	imidocarb dipropionateIBA 09/01/1994 - "The results of these experiments confirm that imidocarb dipropionate is effective in the treatment of canine ehrlichiosis." 09/20/1980 - "A comparison of the efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate solution and tetracycline hydrochloride in the treatment of naturally occurring ehrlichiosis of dogs presented at the University of Nairobi small animal clinic was carried out. " 09/20/1980 - "A comparison of the efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate and tetracycline hydrochloride in the treatment of canine ehrlichiosis." 03/01/2000 - "Prospective comparative study of 3 treatment protocols using doxycycline or imidocarb dipropionate in dogs with naturally occurring ehrlichiosis." 09/01/2014 - "Imidocarb dipropionate and doxycycline were found to be effective for treatment of babesiosis and ehrlichiosis, respectively. "
3.	TetracyclinesIBA 12/01/1992 - "Ehrlichiosis in humans, a rickettsial disease recently discovered in the United States, is generally treated successfully with tetracyclines; however treatment with these agents is usually avoided with children and pregnant women. " 01/01/2004 - "As the infection was treated easily with tetracyclines, clinical diagnosis was considered to be rickettsiosis or ehrlichiosis. " 10/01/2002 - "The tetracyclines, but not the beta-lactams, are effective for RMSF and the human ehrlichioses. " 01/01/2011 - "A medicines of choice in the ehrlichiosis treatment are antibiotics from the group of tetracyclines, given at least for 28 days. " 10/24/2005 - "The downward trend observed for canine heartworm in Brazil suggests that multiple pressures may be affecting the nematode transmission, including a possible decrease in mosquito vector population due to better control programs, reduction of transmission due to effective chemoprophylaxis, reduction of microfilaremic dog populations with the off-label use of injectable ivermectin, or reduction of the reproductive capacity of worms from tetracyclines used to control ehrlichiosis. "
4.	Rifampin (Rifampicin)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1998 - "Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis during pregnancy treated successfully with rifampin." 07/01/2013 - "Efficacy of rifampicin in the treatment of experimental acute canine monocytic ehrlichiosis." 09/01/2003 - "Successful treatment of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in children using rifampin." 12/01/1992 - "Further clinical investigations are necessary to evaluate the role of rifampin in the treatment of human ehrlichiosis, especially in children." 07/01/2013 - "To assess the efficacy of rifampicin in achieving clinical and haematological recovery and clearing infection in dogs with experimentally induced acute monocytic ehrlichiosis. "
5.	AntibodiesIBA 05/01/2000 - "The "gold standard" for the detection of antibodies to Ehrlichia canis, the cause of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME), is the indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test. " 09/01/2013 - "canis in dogs and the evidence of anti-Ehrlichia spp. antibodies in humans suggest that human cases of ehrlichiosis in Brazil might be caused by E. " 09/01/2009 - "Antibodies against Ehrlichia canis, the cause of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, have been reported previously in clinically ill and stray dogs from Portugal. " 05/15/2005 - "Anti-Hepatozoon canis serum antibodies and gamonts in naturally-occurring canine monocytic ehrlichiosis." 04/01/2004 - "We also performed blood analysis of cows, horses, mice, and ticks removed from animals, evaluating the presence of antibodies against granulocytic Anaplasma sp. Finally, we subjected 11 randomly selected PCR amplified products to direct sequencing and we constructed the corresponding phylogenetic tree with respect to the Ehrlichia equi sequence, homologous to the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent. "
6.	CytokinesIBA 08/01/2006 - "inoculation), the immune response has the capacity to confer complete protection against monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, which is associated with a strong cell-mediated type-1 response and decreased systemic production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines." 07/01/1997 - "chaffeensis antibody in patients can result in the production of major proinflammatory cytokines, which may play an important role in the pathophysiology of ehrlichiosis and immune responses to it." 05/01/2013 - "Finally, transcriptional analysis of gene expression in the liver indicated that neutrophils contribute to overproduction of cytokines and chemokines during fatal ehrlichiosis. " 07/01/2000 - "The agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis induces the production of myelosuppressing chemokines without induction of proinflammatory cytokines." 01/01/2011 - "This study evaluated the expression of cytokines TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ, in splenic cells and blood leukocytes during the acute phase of ehrlichiosis and after treatment with doxycycline hyclate in dogs experimentally infected with the E. "
7.	Tetracycline (Achromycin)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2000 - "Patients suspected of having human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) should be treated with a tetracycline-class antibiotic while awaiting the outcome of confirmatory laboratory testing." 12/01/1992 - "These observations are consistent with the finding that human ehrlichiosis appears to respond to tetracycline therapy, which has been the therapy of first choice. " 01/01/1987 - "The monoclonal spike disappeared following tetracycline treatment for ehrlichiosis. " 03/15/1978 - "An epizootic of canine ehrlichiosis at the Military Working Dog Center, Pakchong, Thailand, was arrested by prophylactic and therapeutic use of tetracycline and by control of ticks. " 03/15/1978 - "Prophylactic and therapeutic use of tetracycline during an epizootic of ehrlichiosis among military dogs."
8.	Membrane Proteins (Integral Membrane Proteins)IBA 01/01/2000 - "The 120-kDa outer membrane protein (p120) is a potential adhesin of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and recombinant p120 is very useful for serodiagnosis of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. " 12/01/2011 - "Immunization with Ehrlichia P28 outer membrane proteins confers protection in a mouse model of ehrlichiosis." 10/01/2002 - "Immunodominant 44 kDa major outer membrane proteins of Anaplasma phagocytophila (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent) are encoded by the p44 multigene family. " 01/15/2001 - "Genogroup II ehrlichia, including the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, Ehrlichia phagocytophila, and the bovine pathogen Anaplasma marginale, express a markedly immunodominant outer membrane protein designated major surface protein 2 (MSP2). " 07/01/2000 - "Comparison of two recombinant major outer membrane proteins of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent for use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay."
9.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 04/01/2011 - "Thirty naturally infected dogs were divided into three groups (10 animals each): group I (canine leishmaniosis), group II (canine ehrlichiosis) and group III (dogs co-infected by both infectious agents). " 01/31/2014 - "Vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Costa Rica: first molecular description of Babesia vogeli and Hepatozoon canis infections with a high prevalence of monocytic ehrlichiosis and the manifestations of co-infection." 11/01/2006 - "Toxoplasma gondii genotyping in a dog co-infected with distemper virus and ehrlichiosis rickettsia." 01/01/2004 - "[Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis co-incident with Lyme borreliosis in pregnant woman--a case study]." 11/01/2000 - "Co-infections with enteroviruses, Borrelia burgdorferi or the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis were excluded. "
10.	Prednisolone (Predate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1992 - "Doxycycline and prednisolone were needed to obtain clinical remission, which underlines, that immune-mediated processes are important in the pathogenesis of Ehrlichiosis." 03/01/2013 - "The dog was treated with melphalan and prednisolone for suspected multiple myeloma and doxycycline for suspected ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/1999 - "Eventually, however, she was diagnosed to have human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), and after treatment for HGE her clinical and laboratory abnormalities resolved. " 12/01/2007 - "Remission of cunical signs of adult-onset generalized demodicosis after treatment for concurrent babesiosis and/or granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs." 01/01/2011 - "This study evaluated the expression of cytokines TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ, in splenic cells and blood leukocytes during the acute phase of ehrlichiosis and after treatment with doxycycline hyclate in dogs experimentally infected with the E. "
2.	Chemoprevention 05/20/2005 - "Epidemiological (cohort follow-up) and laboratory techniques studies were done to validate a programme of chemoprevention of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) with this molecule. " 05/20/2005 - "Validation of chemoprevention of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis with doxycycline." 10/24/2005 - "The downward trend observed for canine heartworm in Brazil suggests that multiple pressures may be affecting the nematode transmission, including a possible decrease in mosquito vector population due to better control programs, reduction of transmission due to effective chemoprophylaxis, reduction of microfilaremic dog populations with the off-label use of injectable ivermectin, or reduction of the reproductive capacity of worms from tetracyclines used to control ehrlichiosis. "
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 05/01/2010 - "We report three cases of ehrlichiosis in pediatric oncology patients, one of whom was a stem cell transplant recipient. " 06/01/2007 - "The 15 transplant recipients with ehrlichiosis included 7 kidney recipients, 6 heart recipients, 1 liver recipient and 1 lung recipient. " 06/01/2007 - "To characterize the impact of immunosuppression on human ehrlichiosis, we reviewed cases of ehrlichiosis occurring in transplant recipients and immunocompetent patients at three hospitals in Nashville, Tennessee. " 06/01/2007 - "Human ehrlichiosis in transplant recipients." 03/01/2002 - "We describe a case of human ehrlichiosis in a lung transplant recipient and review published reports on ehrlichiosis in immunocompromised patients. "
4.	Transplants (Transplant) 06/01/2009 - "Clinical outcomes of solid organ transplant recipients with ehrlichiosis." 06/01/2007 - "Between 1998 and 2006, 15 transplant patients were identified as having ehrlichiosis, diagnosed either by whole blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (n = 14) or serology (n = 1). " 01/01/2006 - "Human monocytic ehrlichiosis in a renal transplant patient." 06/01/2002 - "The incidence of ehrlichiosis in the solid organ transplant population is similar to that in the United States general population. " 01/01/1999 - "We report a case of human ehrlichiosis in a patient with a cadaveric renal transplant. "
5.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 10/01/1995 - "We report a case of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a 71-year-old man who presented with an acute febrile illness and subsequently developed multisystem organ dysfunction and sudden severe anemia with thrombocytopenia requiring intensive care, mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, and transfusions. " 08/01/1992 - "We report a case of ehrlichiosis in a 72-year-old man who developed extreme lethargy, acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis, and respiratory insufficiency requiring intubation. "