Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A form of LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS caused by Leishmania aethiopica in Ethiopia and Kenya, L. pifanoi in Venezuela, L. braziliensis in South America, and L. mexicana in Central America. This disease is characterized by massive dissemination of skin lesions without visceral involvement.

Also Known As:

Networked: 72 relevant articles (5 outcomes, 4 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
2.	Infections
3.	Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar)
4.	Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
5.	Leishmaniasis

Experts

1.	Barral, Aldina: 5 articles (01/2020 - 01/2012)
2.	Costa, Jackson M: 4 articles (01/2020 - 07/2014)
3.	França-Costa, Jaqueline: 4 articles (01/2020 - 01/2012)
4.	Malta-Santos, Hayna: 3 articles (01/2020 - 02/2015)
5.	Van Weyenbergh, Johan: 3 articles (01/2020 - 07/2014)
6.	Becker, Ingeborg: 3 articles (03/2016 - 01/2013)
7.	Uliana, Silvia R B: 3 articles (01/2016 - 06/2008)
8.	Andrade, Bruno B: 2 articles (01/2020 - 10/2017)
9.	Borges, Valéria M: 2 articles (01/2020 - 10/2017)
10.	Khouri, Ricardo: 2 articles (01/2020 - 07/2014)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis:

1.	Pentamidine (NebuPent)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1995 - "Diabetes mellitus associated with pentamidine isethionate in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis." 03/01/1999 - "The efficacy of pentamidine combined with allopurinol and immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis." 12/01/1999 - "Two patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania mexicana were treated with two leishmanicidal drugs (pentamidine and allopurinol) combined with recombinant interferon-gamma restoring Th-1 favouring conditions in the patients. " 03/01/1993 - "Traditionally, the mainstay of visceral and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis therapy has been pentavalent antimony, with pentamidine and amphotericin B reserved for refractory cases. "
2.	Allopurinol (Remid)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1999 - "The efficacy of pentamidine combined with allopurinol and immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis." 12/01/1999 - "Two patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania mexicana were treated with two leishmanicidal drugs (pentamidine and allopurinol) combined with recombinant interferon-gamma restoring Th-1 favouring conditions in the patients. "
3.	TamoxifenFDA LinkGeneric 06/11/2008 - "We have shown that tamoxifen is active as an antileishmanial compound in vitro, and in this paper we analyzed the efficacy of tamoxifen for the treatment of mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis, an etiological agent of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis and the main cause of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in South America. "
4.	AntigensIBA 02/18/1982 - "Thus, our studies demonstrate that patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis have a selective anergy to leishmanial antigen, and that an adherent suppressor cell is one mechanism by which this selective immunosuppressive state is modulated." 02/01/2015 - "The athymic nude mice may resemble patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, considered T-cell hyposensitive or anergic to Leishmania's antigens. " 09/01/2009 - "Increase of NK cells and proinflammatory monocytes are associated with the clinical improvement of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis after immunochemotherapy with BCG/Leishmania antigens." 11/01/1996 - "Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis is a rare entity characterized by disseminated cutaneous nodules associated with specific anergy to leishmanial antigens. " 09/01/1990 - "Serum antibody specificities to Leishmania aethiopica antigens in patients with localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis."
5.	Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1)IBA 02/01/1994 - "In the present study, we show that diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) epidermis contains keratinocytes that do not express ICAM-1 and HLA-DR molecules. "
6.	SphingolipidsIBA 01/01/2012 - "In this study, we investigated the function of sphingolipid degradation in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, an etiological agent of localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in South America. "
7.	HLA-DR Antigens (HLA-DR)IBA 02/01/1994 - "In the present study, we show that diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) epidermis contains keratinocytes that do not express ICAM-1 and HLA-DR molecules. "
8.	lipophosphonoglycanIBA 03/01/2016 - "In an attempt to pinpoint alterations in the signaling pathways responsible for the NK-cell dysfunction in patients with DCL, this study aimed at identifying differences in the NK-cell response towards Leishmania mexicana lipophosphoglycan (LPG) between patients with localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis through gene expression profiling. "
9.	miltefosine (Impavido)IBA 01/01/2016 - "In Vitro and In Vivo Miltefosine Susceptibility of a Leishmania amazonensis Isolate from a Patient with Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Follow-Up." 07/01/2014 - "Driven by the necessity of finding alternative therapeutic strategies for a chronic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis patient, we evaluated the susceptibility to miltefosine of the Leishmania amazonensis line isolated from this patient, who had not been previously treated with miltefosine. " 07/01/2014 - "In vitro and in vivo miltefosine susceptibility of a Leishmania amazonensis isolate from a patient with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis." 01/01/2013 - "Case report: Transient success using prolonged treatment with miltefosine for a patient with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis infected with Leishmania mexicana mexicana." 06/01/2007 - "Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis responds to miltefosine but then relapses."
10.	AntibodiesIBA 01/01/2013 - "mexicana-infected humans with localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis have antibodies that recognize GIPLs, can bind to the surface of amastigotes, and can induce IL-10 from human monocytes. " 01/01/1997 - "Preliminary data showed that the presence of autoimmune anti-IgG antibodies was more pronounced in sera from patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis than in sera from patients with localised cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 04/01/1995 - "Leishmania-specific IgG4 antibodies predominated in 19/20 sera from patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, and IgG1 antibodies predominated in 9/10 cases of untreated visceral leishmaniasis. " 04/01/1992 - "The clone-specific antibodies from patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis reacted with high-molecular-weight antigens (30,000 less than Mr less than 90,000), whereas antibodies from patients with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis recognized low-molecular-weight antigens (Mr less than 25,000). " 07/01/1996 - "Sera from diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL), the rare form characterized by antigen-specific anergy of cell-mediated immunity, showed highly significant levels of IgG4 antibodies compared to antibody levels of this isotype in the other groups; IgG1 and IgG2 levels were also elevated. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 09/01/1984 - "Local heat treatment was tested and found effective in three patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL), a form of disease poorly responsive to the usual chemotherapy. " 07/01/2007 - "Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) is characterised by multiple and progressive cutaneous lesions, resistance to chemotherapy and Leishmania-specific T-cell anergy. " 07/01/1989 - "High therapeutic efficacy was also observed using combined immunotherapy in patients with intermediate and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis who were previously unresponsive to chemotherapy. " 01/01/1993 - "Treatment of patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis using a combination of chemotherapy and combined vaccine immunotherapy (heat-killed promastigotes plus BCG) has induced clinical inactivity and positive DTH in about one third of these patients, accompanied by marked lowering of antibody levels. "
2.	Immunotherapy 07/01/1989 - "High therapeutic efficacy was also observed using combined immunotherapy in patients with intermediate and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis who were previously unresponsive to chemotherapy. " 01/01/1993 - "Treatment of patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis using a combination of chemotherapy and combined vaccine immunotherapy (heat-killed promastigotes plus BCG) has induced clinical inactivity and positive DTH in about one third of these patients, accompanied by marked lowering of antibody levels. " 03/01/1999 - "The efficacy of pentamidine combined with allopurinol and immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis."
3.	Therapeutics 05/23/1981 - "In a Brazilian patient with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, which classical antileishmanial drugs had failed to cure, antituberculous therapy of an intercurrent mycobacterial infection produced a striking remission of the leishmanial skin lesions. " 03/01/1993 - "Preliminary experience with these patients indicates that IFN-gamma is a useful adjunct therapy for severe or refractory cases of visceral leishmaniasis; however, the potential of IFN-gamma in treating diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis cannot be assessed as current clinical experience is too limited." 10/01/2017 - "These results suggest that targeting resolvin D1 could serve as potential strategy for host directed therapy in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis." 02/01/2004 - "Therapy of Venezuelan patients with severe mucocutaneous or early lesions of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis with a vaccine containing pasteurized Leishmania promastigotes and bacillus Calmette-Guerin: preliminary report." 03/01/1993 - "In addition, 6 patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis have been treated with combination IFN-gamma and antimony therapy. "