Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1582 relevant articles (203 outcomes, 233 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala Azar)
3.	Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
4.	Leishmaniasis
5.	Cicatrix (Scar)

Experts

1.	Carvalho, Edgar M: 25 articles (07/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Khamesipour, Ali: 15 articles (01/2014 - 01/2005)
3.	Barral, Aldina: 14 articles (07/2015 - 03/2003)
4.	Barral-Netto, Manoel: 13 articles (02/2015 - 01/2005)
5.	Llanos-Cuentas, Alejandro: 12 articles (07/2015 - 02/2005)
6.	Khamesipour, A: 10 articles (03/2015 - 10/2001)
7.	Hashiguchi, Yoshihisa: 9 articles (01/2016 - 07/2002)
8.	Bacellar, Olívia: 9 articles (03/2015 - 01/2002)
9.	Rossi-Bergmann, Bartira: 9 articles (01/2014 - 09/2003)
10.	Kato, Hirotomo: 8 articles (01/2016 - 08/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis:

1.	meglumine antimoniateIBA 07/01/2009 - "Glucantime is still effective against Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis when used in the doses recommended by WHO." 11/01/2012 - "Meglumine antimoniate compounds have been the mainstay of treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) for decades. " 01/01/2012 - "amazonensis model, intralesional treatment with MI-4-OCH(3) or MI-4-NO(2) showed greater therapeutic efficacy than treatment with meglumine antimoniate, and the new topical formulations of these compounds also displayed great activity in the cutaneous leishmaniasis model. " 01/01/2008 - "The objective of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of intramuscular pentavalent antimonial compound meglumine antimoniate alone and in combination with intralesional therapy in the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 04/01/2013 - "Glucantime remains the first-line treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis. "
2.	AntigensIBA 07/01/1994 - "In a complete study in 25 patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania braziliensis complex, immunotherapeutic efficacy of parasite derived antigen (94-67 KD) has been compared to antimonial therapy. " 08/01/1995 - "These results provide preliminary evidence of the potential of a cock tail antigen derived from Leishmania flagella and sand fly gut in the protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. " 06/01/2003 - "Previous studies have demonstrated that protection against New World leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania amazonensis can be elicited by immunization with the developmentally regulated Leishmania amastigote antigen, P-8. " 01/01/2014 - "Previously, we demonstrated that unlike subcutaneous or intramuscular vaccination, intranasal vaccination of BALB/c mice with whole Leishmania amazonensis antigens leads to protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 03/01/2012 - "Leishmania (Viannia) shawi purified antigens confer protection against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis."
3.	Paromomycin (Paromomycin Sulfate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "Is paromomycin an effective and safe treatment against cutaneous leishmaniasis? " 01/01/2005 - "Efficacy of paromomycin ointment in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: results of a double-blind, randomized trial in Isfahan, Iran." 08/01/1995 - "A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was carried out in 1992 in central Tunisia to assess the tolerability and efficacy of paromomycin ointment against zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major. " 01/01/2003 - "Although about half of those cured might have recovered spontaneously even without treatment, four weeks of aminosidine ointment could become the first-line treatment for uncomplicated cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. " 01/01/2003 - "To compare the parasitological and clinical efficacy of four weeks versus two weeks of treatment with aminosidine (paromomycin) ointment in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major in the Islamic Republic of Iran. "
4.	AntimonyIBA 04/01/1997 - "High-dose long-term regimens of antimony have been shown to be highly effective for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 01/01/1996 - "Systemic monotherapy with IFN-gamma can be an effective treatment for complicated cases of human cutaneous leishmaniasis without the side effects sometimes observed with systemic pentavalent antimony. " 12/01/1997 - "The efficacy of an antimony regimen at the dose of 20 mg/kg/day for a 3-4-week period is well established in the treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 06/01/1997 - "In this paper we have studied the efficacy of intralesionally applied antimony in New World cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 08/01/2015 - "In conclusion, the upregulation of protein expression and increment of the levels of LbrCS and LbrCβS activity alter parasite resistance to antimonials and may influence the efficacy of antimony treatment of New World leishmaniasis. "
5.	Antimony Sodium Gluconate (Sodium, Stibogluconate)IBA 07/04/1987 - "Safety and efficacy of high-dose sodium stibogluconate therapy of American cutaneous leishmaniasis." 01/01/1983 - "We conclude that this high dose sodium stibogluconate regimen is safe and effective for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. " 07/01/1988 - "We recommend intralesional Pentostam as a safe and effective method of treating acute cutaneous leishmaniasis." 10/01/2010 - "Efficacy of short-duration (twice weekly) intralesional sodium stibogluconate in treatment of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in India." 07/01/2007 - "Comparative efficacy of intralesional sodium stibogluconate (SSG) alone and its combination with intramuscular SSG to treat localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: Results of a pilot study."
6.	miltefosineIBA 11/01/2001 - "The clinical results suggest that miltefosine is the first oral therapy that is effective and safe in visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis." 08/01/2010 - "Efficacy of miltefosine for the treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis." 04/01/2009 - "Miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine, MLF) is the first oral drug with recognized efficacy against both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 02/01/2008 - "Efficacy of miltefosine for Bolivian cutaneous leishmaniasis." 04/01/2012 - "The use of miltefosine in cutaneous leishmaniasis has been addressed in a few clinical trials. "
7.	Pentamidine (NebuPent)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2001 - "Although frequently associated with discomfort, the two-injection course, giving a total of 8 mg pentamidine isethionate/kg, appears to be an effective treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis in French Guiana. " 01/01/2000 - "Pentamidine isethionate is a safe and effective first-line treatment for Old World leishmaniasis. " 06/15/2006 - "Efficacy of short-course intramuscular pentamidine isethionate treatment on Old World localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in 2 patients." 11/01/2005 - "For New World leishmaniasis, parenteral antimonials represent the first-line treatment in all forms except those caused by Leishmania guyanensis in which pentamidine is preferable. " 05/01/2003 - "[A comparative study between the efficacy of pentamidine isothionate given in three doses for one week and N-methil-glucamine in a dose of 20mgSbV/day for 20 days to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis]."
8.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 03/01/2006 - "These findings demonstrate that in heterologous prime/boost immunization approaches, the protocol DNA-LACK/MVA-LACK is superior to DNA-LACK/VV-LACK in triggering specific CD8+ T cell immune responses and in conferring protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 12/01/2008 - "Furthermore, when tested with DNA from cutaneous leishmaniasis the designed primers and reaction gave positive results. " 05/01/2011 - "The objective of this study was to analyze different primers that are commonly used in epidemiological studies for the detection of Leishmania DNA by PCR, and to compare them to the conventional direct parasite search for American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) diagnosis. " 04/01/2007 - "The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of Leishmania (Viannia) subgenus DNA in peripheral blood from patients with cutaneous lesions due to American cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 08/01/2006 - "This study examined the ability of PCR to amplify Leishmania DNA, stored on Giemsa-stained slides, from American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) patients. "
9.	Fluconazole (Zonal)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2007 - "The efficacy of fluconazole was evaluated in 35 travelers with parasitologically proven imported Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). " 10/01/2011 - "High-dose oral fluconazole therapy effective for cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Vianna) braziliensis." 03/21/2002 - "A six-week course of oral fluconazole is a safe and useful treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. " 03/21/2002 - "This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessed the efficacy of oral fluconazole, in a dose of 200 mg daily for six weeks, in the treatment of parasitologically confirmed cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 03/21/2002 - "We conducted a controlled trial in Saudi Arabia of fluconazole for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major. "
10.	Ketoconazole (Nizoral)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1997 - "Ketoconazole was shown to be effective against imported cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 01/01/1992 - "The efficacy of topical ketoconazole in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. " 08/01/1990 - "Efficacy of ketoconazole against Leishmania braziliensis panamensis cutaneous leishmaniasis." 01/01/1983 - "Efficacy of ketoconazole in cutaneous leishmaniasis." 03/01/2010 - "The aim of the present study was to investigate if the combination of intramuscular (IM) SSG or oral ketoconazole with intralesional (IL) SSG would be more effective than the intralesional SSG given alone in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Cryotherapy (Therapy, Cold) 02/01/2009 - "We observed that cryotherapy is an effective treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis in children. " 01/01/1990 - "A combination of both intralesional stibogluconate injection and superficial cryotherapy (not including the base of the lesion nor the 1-2 mm rim of the surrounding normal skin) was performed in an attempt to improve the therapeutic efficacy of either of the two modalities when used separately in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 09/01/1986 - "The results of this study indicate that cryotherapy is a safe and effective method for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis." 04/01/2008 - "Efficacy of a weekly cryotherapy regimen to treat Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis." 03/01/2003 - "To determine the clinical patterns, risk factors and efficacy of cryotherapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. "
2.	Photochemotherapy (Photodynamic Therapy) 12/01/2010 - "Efficacy of photodynamic therapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis: a "hidden" local heat effect?" 06/01/2010 - "Monitoring the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis using L. " 05/01/2015 - "The potential of daylight-activated photodynamic therapy for treating localized forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis in resource-limited settings." 01/01/2015 - "Cutaneous leishmaniasis responds to daylight-activated photodynamic therapy: proof of concept for a novel self-administered therapeutic modality." 07/01/2009 - "Optimization of topical photodynamic therapy with 3,7-bis(di-n-butylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium bromide for cutaneous leishmaniasis."
3.	Intralesional Injections 01/01/2004 - "To compare the efficacy of intralesional injections of ZS 2% with those of MA in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 10/01/2012 - "Intralesional injection of pentavalent antimoniate is recommended by the World Health Organization for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). " 02/25/2000 - "The skin lesions of five patient volunteers with dry-type cutaneous leishmaniasis were treated by intralesional injection of auto-leukocytes prepared from buffy coat of the patient's own blood. " 01/01/2014 - "The efficacy of Achilles millefolium topical gel along with intralesional injection of glucantime in the treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis major." 07/01/2007 - "Efficacy of local heat therapy by radiofrequency in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, compared with intralesional injection of meglumine antimoniate."
4.	Induced Hyperthermia (Thermotherapy) 01/01/2012 - "Those factors, added to the increased costs, the treatment adherence problems and the progressive lack of therapeutic response, make us consider thermotherapy as a first line treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis." 01/01/2015 - "Efficacy of thermotherapy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials." 12/01/2014 - "To study the efficacy of a low-cost heating pack device used for thermotherapy in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 07/01/2009 - "The efficacy of thermotherapy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: a comparative observational study in an operational setting." 01/01/2015 - "To evaluate the efficacy of thermotherapy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis. "
5.	Gas Lasers 01/01/2006 - "Our results indicate that CO2 laser radiation is highly effective for treatment of lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis." 01/01/2006 - "We used CO2 laser for the treatment of 24 patients with lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan. " 01/01/2006 - "We report the use of a carbon dioxide laser to vaporize local cutaneous leishmaniasis. " 01/01/2006 - "Carbon dioxide laser for the treatment of lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL): a case series of 24 patients." 01/01/1991 - "Use of a carbon dioxide laser to vaporize the local lesions caused by cutaneous leishmaniasis is reported. "