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Primary Ovarian Insufficiency

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Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections.

Also Known As:

Premature Ovarian Failure; Gonadotropin Resistant Ovary Syndrome; Gonadotropin-Resistant Ovary Syndromes; Insufficiencies, Primary Ovarian; Insufficiency, Primary Ovarian; Ovarian Failures, Premature; Ovarian Insufficiencies, Primary; Ovarian Insufficiency, Primary; Ovary Syndrome, Gonadotropin-Resistant; Ovary Syndrome, Resistant; Ovary Syndromes, Gonadotropin-Resistant; Ovary Syndromes, Resistant; Premature Ovarian Failures; Primary Ovarian Insufficiencies; Resistant Ovary Syndromes; Gonadotropin-Resistant Ovary Syndrome; Ovarian Failure, Premature; Resistant Ovary Syndrome

Networked: 870 relevant articles (17 outcomes, 105 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer)
2.	Infertility (Sterility)
3.	Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Libman-Sacks Disease)
4.	Diabetes Mellitus
5.	Immune System Diseases (Immune Disorders)

Experts

1.	Nelson, Lawrence M: 16 articles (09/2014 - 10/2003)
2.	Kim, Nam Keun: 13 articles (04/2015 - 06/2008)
3.	Jeon, Young Joo: 11 articles (02/2015 - 11/2011)
4.	Calis, Karim A: 11 articles (09/2014 - 08/2004)
5.	Shelling, Andrew N: 10 articles (01/2015 - 11/2005)
6.	Vanderhoof, Vien H: 10 articles (09/2014 - 10/2005)
7.	Blumenfeld, Zeev: 9 articles (05/2015 - 08/2005)
8.	Lee, Woo Sik: 9 articles (04/2015 - 11/2012)
9.	Kwack, KyuBum: 9 articles (02/2015 - 03/2008)
10.	Kalantaridou, Sophia N: 8 articles (09/2014 - 08/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Primary Ovarian Insufficiency:

1.	Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)FDA Link 04/15/2008 - "Treatment with GnRH-a during CTX therapy is associated with a significant reduction of premature ovarian failure in most women with SLE." 11/01/2008 - "All nine studies analysing the effect of GnRH-a found lower rates of premature ovarian failure (POF) in patients receiving GnRH-a compared with the controls. " 01/01/2012 - "In non-HSCT settings, GnRH analogs have reduced the risk for premature ovarian failure to <10%. " 03/01/1994 - "A patient who failed to respond to either gonadotrophin or pulsatile infusion of GnRH had premature ovarian failure on ovarian histology. " 06/01/1993 - "Volunteers whose ovarian functions were temporarily suppressed (n = 18) by a long-acting GnRH agonist and 6 women of similar age suffering from premature ovarian failure (POF) received E2 and P. "
2.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 07/01/2009 - "The aim of the study was to assess bone density and associated risk factors for reduced bone density in young, estrogen-deficient women using primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) as the disease model. " 09/01/2015 - "Although women with primary ovarian insufficiency who are receiving estrogen + progestogen therapy maintain stable bone mass throughout an 8-year follow-up period, this treatment is not sufficient to decrease the number of women who experience some level of low bone density. " 09/01/2015 - "A cohort study evaluated bone mineral density in 72 women with primary ovarian insufficiency who were receiving estrogen + progestogen therapy. " 07/01/2015 - "To investigate the histomorphology and the expressions of the proliferation marker Ki-67 and estrogen receptor in the uterus of mice with autoimmune premature ovarian failure (POF) induced by zona pellucida 3 peptide (pZP3). " 07/01/2015 - "[Expression of Ki-67 and estrogen receptor in the uterus of mice with autoimmune premature ovarian failure induced by peptide zona pellucida 3]."
3.	Progesterone FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1995 - "The study involved seven volunteer women, below 38, suffering from premature ovarian failure, who received E2 and progesterone replacement therapy. " 05/01/2007 - "Effect of oral administration of dydrogestrone versus vaginal administration of natural micronized progesterone on the secretory transformation of endometrium and luteal endocrine profile in patients with premature ovarian failure: a proof of concept." 10/01/1989 - "The purpose of this study was to compare DH and progesterone (P) as progestins in steroid replacement cycles in eight women with premature ovarian failure (POF). " 05/01/2007 - "We aimed to explore the endometrial histology and endocrine profiles on day 21 of an artificial cycle in patients with premature ovarian failure (POF) treated with oral dydrogesterone (DG) or vaginal micronized progesterone. " 09/01/2003 - "A diagnosis of premature ovarian failure was made, and therapy with cyclic estrogen and progesterone was initiated. "
4.	Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "High-dose short-term in- tervention of cyclophosphamide could establish rat model of premature ovarian failure with a successful rate of 87.5%. " 10/01/2011 - "Cyclophosphamide treatment can cause premature ovarian failure. " 01/01/2009 - "We also reported that in spite of premature ovarian failure being a rare event in JSLE the follicular reserve seems to be low regardless of intravenous cyclophosphamide treatment." 03/01/2008 - "Because of the serious risk of developing premature ovarian failure, cyclophosphamide should be avoided in those patients where the family is not complete." 03/01/2008 - "Four cases of cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian failure are presented. "
5.	HormonesIBA 08/01/2004 - "After hormone therapy for 6 months, flow-mediated dilation was improved in women with premature ovarian failure, increasing by more than 2-fold (7.41 +/- 3.86%; P < 0.005 compared with pretreatment) and reaching normal values (P not significant compared with control women). " 11/01/2012 - "The aim of this study was to investigate serum lipid and hormone levels in women with premature ovarian failure (POF) and compare them with those of healthy women of similar age. " 05/01/2011 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of hormone treatment (HT) on several endocrinologic, metabolic and bone parameters in young women with primary or very premature ovarian failure. " 09/01/2015 - "Hormone therapy in women with primary ovarian insufficiency or early menopause." 08/01/2015 - "Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a condition in which the ovarian functions of hormone production and oocyte development become impaired before the typical age for menopause. "
6.	Estradiol (Estrace)FDA LinkGeneric 07/15/2014 - "In addition to providing insights into the function of ovarian somatic cells derived from stem cells, our study may offer potential therapeutic means for patients with hypo-estradiol levels like those encountered in premature ovarian failure." 09/01/2014 - "Women with primary ovarian insufficiency have significantly lower serum estradiol and T levels compared with regularly menstruating women. " 04/01/2013 - "Thus, there was a gradual process of follicle loss and low estradiol in Bu/Cy-treated mice; this is a profile similar to what is found in women with premature ovarian failure (POF). " 11/01/2005 - "Group A-15 women with premature ovarian failure (POF) (mean: age 38.9+/-5.2 years, FSH 101.4+/-29.0 IU/l; 17beta-estradiol 22.5+/-14.6 ng/l). " 08/01/1991 - "Five women with premature ovarian failure were studied in a randomized cross-over design to compare the biochemical effects of transdermal to oral estradiol administration when used in doses appropriate for endometrial preparation in a donor oocyte program. "
7.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 07/01/2015 - "TAI is a common co-existent endocrinopathy in women with primary ovarian insufficiency. " 08/01/2002 - "Premature ovarian failure and FMR1 premutation co-segregation in a large Brazilian family." 04/01/2010 - "Following the discovery of two disorders associated with premutation alleles of the fragile X mental retardation gene (FMR1), primary ovarian insufficiency [fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI)] and a tremor/ataxia syndrome [fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia disorder (FXTAS)], numerous studies have examined other potential co-morbid conditions, including neuropsychological deficits. " 11/01/2008 - "Among 345 women who received GnRH agonist co-treatment, ovarian function was preserved in 91% and 9% had premature ovarian failure. " 06/01/1989 - "In order to study the feasibility and efficacy of using natural 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) to induce endometrial changes, a group of patients with history of premature ovarian failure and bilateral oophorectomy, also interested in the embryo transfer program with donor ovum, were given transdermal E2 (Estraderm, Ciba Pharmaceutical Co., Summit, NJ), and vaginal progesterone suppositories. "
8.	bushen huoxueIBA 02/01/2001 - "[Experimental study on preventive and therapeutic effect of bushen huoxue recipe on autoimmune premature ovarian failure model]." 06/01/2013 - "To investigate the efficacy and mechanism of Bushen Huoxue Recipe (, BHR) in the treatment of murine autoimmune premature ovarian failure (POF). " 03/01/2008 - "To investigate the preventive effect of Bushen Huoxue Recipe (BSHXR), a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on autoimmune premature ovarian failure (POF) in mice. " 03/01/2008 - "[Preventive and therapeutic effects of Bushen Huoxue Recipe on autoimmune premature ovarian failure in mice]." 02/01/2001 - "To investigate the mechanisms of Bushen Huoxue Recipe (BSHXR), a Chinese herbal medicinal preparation for tonifying Kidney and invigorating blood circulation, to prevent and treat autoimmune premature ovarian failure (POF) model. "
9.	Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (Depo-Provera)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2012 - "To study the therapeutic efficacy of bushui roumu recipe (BRR) combined medroxyprogesterone acetate tablet (MAT) in treating premature ovarian failure (POF). " 08/01/2012 - "[Clinical observation on treatment of premature ovarian failure patients of shen deficiency gan stagnation syndrome by combination of bushui roumu recipe and medroxyprogesterone acetate tablet HUA]." 09/01/2014 - "Long-term physiological transdermal estradiol replacement in combination with oral medroxyprogesterone acetate restores mean femoral neck BMD to normal in young women with spontaneous 46,XX primary ovarian insufficiency. "
10.	Suppositories (Vaginal Suppositories)IBA 06/01/1989 - "In order to study the feasibility and efficacy of using natural 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) to induce endometrial changes, a group of patients with history of premature ovarian failure and bilateral oophorectomy, also interested in the embryo transfer program with donor ovum, were given transdermal E2 (Estraderm, Ciba Pharmaceutical Co., Summit, NJ), and vaginal progesterone suppositories. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2016 - "The Paracrine Effect of Transplanted Human Amniotic Epithelial Cells on Ovarian Function Improvement in a Mouse Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Primary Ovarian Insufficiency." 01/01/2015 - "Expression of Concern: Human amniotic epithelial cells can differentiate into granulosa cells and restore folliculogenesis in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced premature ovarian failure." 01/01/2015 - "The gonadotoxic effects of chemotherapy and radiation may result in premature ovarian failure in premenopausal oncology patients. " 01/01/2015 - "In vitro follicle growth is a potential approach to preserve fertility for young women who are facing a risk of premature ovarian failure (POF) caused by radiation or chemotherapy. " 01/01/2015 - "Chemotherapy treatment in women can frequently cause damage to the ovaries, which may lead to primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). "
2.	Hormone Replacement Therapy (Therapy, Hormone Replacement) 05/01/2005 - "Patients with premature ovarian failure (POF), at present mainly treated with hormone replacement therapy, are belated for novel treatment options. " 10/01/2013 - "We thus aimed to carry out a study to find out whether hormone replacement therapy if administered prior to the oocyte donation cycle in patients of premature ovarian failure improves the pregnancy rate. " 03/01/1995 - "Endometrial blood flow response to hormone replacement therapy in women with premature ovarian failure: a transvaginal Doppler study." 02/01/1993 - "In this study, we report the effects of cyclic hormone replacement therapy on carbohydrate metabolism in six women with premature ovarian failure. " 11/01/1991 - "A morphometric study of the uterine glandular epithelium in women with premature ovarian failure undergoing hormone replacement therapy."
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 02/01/2014 - "When the patient has been cured and primary ovarian insufficiency has developed, transplantation of frozen/thawed ovarian tissue can restore ovarian function. " 01/01/2015 - "This study explored the potential of human cord blood mononuclear cell (HCMNC) transplantation as a treatment for premature ovarian failure (POF) in a nude mouse model. " 11/01/2009 - "A series of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant for premature ovarian failure presented an unusual opportunity to study ovarian transplantation. " 07/01/2008 - "A series of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant for premature ovarian failure presented an unusual opportunity to study ovarian transplantation. " 07/01/2014 - "Transplantation of human menstrual blood stem cells to treat premature ovarian failure in mouse model."
4.	Estrogen Replacement Therapy 08/01/1989 - "This study proves the efficacy of low-dosage variable-length estrogen replacement therapy for preparing the endometrium for embryo implantation in patients suffering premature ovarian failure. " 08/01/1989 - "This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a new, constant low-dose, variable-length estrogen replacement therapy in preparing the endometrium of women suffering premature ovarian failure for embryo implantation. " 10/01/2010 - "Women with primary ovarian insufficiency without estrogen replacement for 2 weeks (N = 97) and regularly menstruating control women (N = 42). " 08/01/2001 - "Transdermal estrogen replacement had a significant effect on mean GH levels and mean basal GH levels in both the premature ovarian failure and the age-appropriate postmenopausal group. " 03/01/2001 - "T replacement continues to be evaluated as an adjunct to estrogen replacement therapy, particularly for women with androgen deficiency symptoms, surgically menopausal women and women with premature ovarian failure. "
5.	Ovariectomy (Oophorectomy) 12/01/2014 - "Menopause at or before the age of 40 years, both premature bilateral ovariectomy and premature ovarian failure (non-surgical loss of ovarian function), was associated with worse verbal fluency (OR 1.56, 95%CI 1.12-1.87, P=0.004) and visual memory (OR 1.39, 95%CI 1.09-1.77, P=0.007) in later life. " 04/01/1999 - "Our results indicate that unilateral oophorectomy restores ovulatory function for many years in the majority of patients and does not result in premature ovarian failure. " 05/01/1982 - "Our data show that premature ovarian failure and ovariectomy in young as well as in postmenopausal subjects precipitate an earlier decline in DS levels. " 07/01/1997 - "A great number of situations do not pose any problem with regard to this principles: gonadal dysgenesis, premature ovarian failure, ovariectomy, castration following chimiotherapy or radiotherapy. " 11/01/2003 - "Hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy, premature ovarian failure, gravidity, menstrual flow pattern, family history of osteoporosis, clinical hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, HRT, and corticosteroids therapy were not independent predictors of osteoporosis among our population. "