Gestational Diabetes (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus)

Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.

Also Known As:

Networked: 3677 relevant articles (80 outcomes, 645 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Weight Gain
2.	Overweight
3.	Insulin Resistance
4.	Diabetes Complications
5.	Pre-Eclampsia (Preeclampsia)

Experts

1.	Kautzky-Willer, Alexandra: 38 articles (07/2015 - 02/2003)
2.	Pacini, Giovanni: 25 articles (07/2015 - 02/2003)
3.	Retnakaran, Ravi: 23 articles (03/2015 - 08/2003)
4.	Sheiner, Eyal: 20 articles (03/2016 - 03/2002)
5.	Williams, Michelle A: 20 articles (10/2015 - 03/2004)
6.	Tura, Andrea: 20 articles (07/2015 - 02/2003)
7.	Zinman, Bernard: 20 articles (03/2015 - 08/2003)
8.	Sermer, Mathew: 19 articles (03/2015 - 08/2003)
9.	Sobrevia, Luis: 18 articles (03/2015 - 01/2003)
10.	Buchanan, Thomas A: 18 articles (07/2014 - 04/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Gestational Diabetes:

1.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 01/01/1985 - "The percent specific binding of insulin to red blood cell receptors was lower in both gestational diabetes groups than in control subjects, with the most marked decrease in the obese group. " 01/01/2011 - "Intensive management of gestational diabetes (including specialized dietary advice, increased monitoring and tailored dietary therapy) during pregnancy (3 studies: 3791 participants) versus conventional management (dietary advice and insulin as required) was associated with a non-significant reduction in the risk of stillbirths (RR 0.20; 95% CI: 0.03-1.10) ('moderate' quality evidence). " 02/01/2014 - "Ultrasound-guided compared to conventional treatment in gestational diabetes leads to improved birthweight but more insulin treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis." 10/01/2003 - "In a systematic review of the literature assessing the efficacy of insulin in preventing macrosomia in fetuses of mothers with gestational diabetes, we found six randomized controlled trials comparing diet alone to diet plus insulin. " 04/01/2013 - "Traditionally, insulin has been the gold standard in the management of Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy and gestational diabetes. "
2.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1985 - "This study was performed to examine the relationship between maternal age and serum glucose levels during pregnancy, and to determine if glucose screening could be eliminated in very young women without significantly compromising the detection rate of gestational diabetes mellitus. " 12/01/2003 - "However, infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus had significantly greater skinfold measures (P=.0001) and fat mass (gestational diabetes mellitus [436+/-206 g] vs normal glucose tolerance [362+/-198 g], P=.0002) compared with infants of women with normal glucose tolerance. " 10/01/1999 - "Early gestational glucose screening, if performed, may be beneficial in detecting gestational diabetes. " 09/01/1996 - "Early gestational glucose screening may be beneficial in detecting gestational diabetes in patients over 30 years old who are black or who have risk factors for diabetes. " 12/01/2012 - "Higher breastfeeding intensity associated with improved postpartum glucose metabolism in women with recent gestational diabetes."
3.	Metformin (Glucophage)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2012 - "According to our clinical experience, PCOS patients who became pregnant and were not treated with metformin during the whole pregnancy, showed a higher prevalence of gestational diabetes and SGA newborns, which was improved with metformin treatment. " 05/01/2009 - "To evaluate the safety and efficacy of metformin in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). " 09/01/2015 - "This study explored ethnic and gender differences in body composition in offspring of women treated for gestational diabetes in the metformin in gestational diabetes (MiG) trial. " 04/01/2015 - "The effect of lifestyle intervention and metformin on preventing or delaying diabetes among women with and without gestational diabetes: the Diabetes Prevention Program outcomes study 10-year follow-up." 01/01/2015 - "Lifestyle changes or metformin reduce type 2 diabetes risk in women with gestational diabetes, US study shows."
4.	Glyburide (Glibenclamide)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2001 - "A recent human study has shown glyburide to minimally cross the placenta, allowing a safe new treatment for gestational diabetes. " 03/01/2008 - "To date, there has been only one randomized controlled trial investigating the use of glyburide which found it to be safe and effective in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus. " 02/01/2008 - "Glyburide is a safe and effective treatment for gestational diabetes." 01/01/2015 - "Use of glyburide to treat gestational diabetes is linked to adverse outcomes in babies, study finds." 06/01/2010 - "Initial studies regarding glyburide for treatment of gestational diabetes are promising. "
5.	Blood Glucose (Blood Sugar)IBA 12/01/2014 - "The Coaching Program on Comprehensive Lifestyle Modification used in this study was found to be effective in improving self-care behavior and reducing depression, fasting blood sugar and HbA1C, and is recommended for use in clinical practice as an effective nursing intervention for pregnant women with gestational diabetes." 12/01/2002 - "This article reviews current evidence regarding the efficacy of self-monitoring of blood glucose in the management of gestational diabetes. " 09/01/2015 - "To create a positive step toward achieving an efficient method for gestational diabetes treatment, the present study was carried out to compare the treatment outcomes based on single impaired blood glucose versus regular method in health care centers in Iran. " 06/01/2015 - "The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) has proposed that blood glucose levels for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) be the values associated with a 1.75-fold increase in the risk of neonatal complications in the Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study. " 01/01/2015 - "This study aims to determine the impact of increasing polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on blood glucose, lipid metabolism, and pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. "
6.	insulin LISPRO (Humalog)FDA Link 07/01/2014 - "Insulin lispro is an effective and safe treatment option in gestational diabetes." 07/01/2014 - "To assess the safety and efficacy of insulin lispro in improving glycemic control in patients with gestational diabetes. " 07/01/2014 - "Efficacy of insulin lispro in improving glycemic control in gestational diabetes." 11/10/2003 - "Insulin lispro can be regarded as a valuable option for the treatment of gestational diabetes." 09/01/1999 - "Insulin lispro may be considered a treatment option for women with gestational diabetes."
7.	Hemoglobins (Hemoglobin)IBA 12/01/2014 - "The purpose of this study was to assess an early hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) value from 5.7-6.4% as an early predictor of progression to gestational diabetes (GDM). " 12/01/2012 - "The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the hemoglobin levels during the first trimester of pregnancy with gestational diabetes incidence in pregnant women. " 06/01/2012 - "The purpose of this study was to assess the value of hemoglobin A1c for postpartum evaluation in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. " 02/15/1984 - "This study evaluated the feasibility of utilizing hemoglobin A1c as a screening test for gestational diabetes. " 06/01/2015 - "Use of hemoglobin A1c as an early predictor of gestational diabetes mellitus."
8.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 06/01/2000 - "To assess the efficacy of a co-program of care in gestational diabetes conducted by the obstetrical and endocrinological units of the Rennes South Hospital (Hopital Sud) and the possibility of adapting obstetrical care to existing risk factors. " 10/01/1986 - "The present preliminary study was undertaken to determine the utility of outpatient screening for gestational diabetes mellitus with the use of a reflectance meter (Accu-Chek, Boehringer Mannheim Co.). " 01/01/2015 - "The presence of respiratory co-morbidity and gestational diabetes were significant predictors of extension failure; their clinical relevance requires further evaluation." 01/01/2015 - "The combination of respiratory co-morbidity and gestational diabetes significantly predicted extension failure. " 01/01/2003 - "The purpose of this study has been to establish the incidence of gestational hypertension (GH) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to examine the frequency of complications in women with co-existent GDM and GH. "
9.	insulin aspart (NovoLog)FDA Link 07/01/2012 - "A randomized, open-label, parallel study was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of premixed insulin aspart 30 (biphasic insulin aspart [BIAsp] 30) in managing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). " 09/01/2015 - "Insulin aspart in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and pregestational diabetes mellitus." 09/01/2009 - "Clinical and experimental data on insulin aspart and lispro strongly suggest that they have no adverse maternal or fetal effects during pregnancy in women with pregestational and gestational diabetes, and that their use results in improved glycemic control, fewer hypoglycemic episodes, and improved patient satisfaction. " 01/01/2003 - "To assess the short-term efficacy of insulin aspart in comparison with regular human insulin in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during standardized meal tests. " 07/01/2012 - "Premixed insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) versus premixed human insulin 30 (BHI 30) in gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized open-label controlled study."
10.	VitaminsIBA 01/01/2009 - "The bivariate spline in BMI and maternal age was significantly associated with gastroschisis (P = 0.0001) after adjustment for study centre, maternal race/ethnicity, education, income and number of persons supported by income, smoking, alcohol use, vitamin use, vasoconstrictor medication use and gestational diabetes. " 10/01/2008 - "The results suggest the importance of the B-group vitamins in regulation of serum tHcy levels in women with insulin resistance/gestational diabetes, what might be relevant in protection against pregnancy complications associated with elevated tHcy in GDM women." 07/01/2014 - "Sample content items included procedures delivered at every visit (blood pressure, urinalysis, maternal weight, fetal heart rate check), timed screenings for birth defects and gestational diabetes, prenatal vitamin prescriptions, and depression screening. " 05/01/2004 - "Agreement between self-reported and medical record data was generally lower for behavioral factors (alcohol kappa=0.37 and prenatal vitamin use kappa=0.09) than for medical conditions (anemia kappa=0.63, gestational diabetes kappa=0.83, and hypertension kappa=0.68). " 02/01/1996 - "This review describes the pathophysiology of the hyperglycemia and the nutrient loss in gestational diabetes and further postulates the mechanism whereby vitamin/mineral supplementation may be useful to prevent or ameliorate pregnancy-related glucose intolerance."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Bariatric Surgery 08/01/2010 - "Reduced incidence of gestational diabetes with bariatric surgery." 02/01/2006 - "The objective of the study was to investigate pregnancy outcome of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus following bariatric surgery. " 02/26/2015 - "Bariatric surgery was associated with reduced risks of gestational diabetes and excessive fetal growth, shorter gestation, an increased risk of small-for-gestational-age infants, and possibly increased mortality. " 02/26/2015 - "Pregnancies after bariatric surgery, as compared with matched control pregnancies, were associated with lower risks of gestational diabetes (1.9% vs. 6.8%; odds ratio, 0.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13 to 0.47; P<0.001) and large-for-gestational-age infants (8.6% vs. 22.4%; odds ratio, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.44; P<0.001). " 02/01/2014 - "Using a multivariable logistic regression model, controlling for confounders such as maternal age, patients following bariatric surgery had lower rates of gestational diabetes mellitus (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-0.9; p = 0.49) and macrosomia (OR 0.3; 95% CI 0.2-0.5; p < 0.001) as compared with obese parturients. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2016 - "These patients were more likely to require pharmacotherapy for glycemic control than patients with standard gestational diabetes and less likely than patients with pregestational diabetes (55% versus 39% versus 81%). " 07/01/2015 - "First trimester gestational diabetes screening - Change in incidence and pharmacotherapy need." 06/01/2014 - "To describe trends and identify factors associated with choice of pharmacotherapy for gestational diabetes (GDM) from 2000-2011 using a healthcare claims database. " 07/01/2012 - "Should chemotherapy for breast cancer be indicated in pregnancy from the second trimester onwards only, contraindications would be other risks for pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, such as smoking and gestational diabetes." 10/01/2014 - "While insulin is the preferred drug therapy to manage gestational diabetes in the majority of women, it may not always be the best option for all women. "
3.	Prenatal Care 02/01/2009 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between self-reported gestational diabetes mellitus and prenatal care medical records (gold standard). " 04/01/2011 - "We examined this association among 1043 participants in the Latina Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Study, a prospective cohort of predominantly Puerto Rican prenatal care patients conducted from 2000 to 2004 in western Massachusetts. " 01/01/2011 - "We utilized data from 1,040 participants in the Latina Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Study, a prospective cohort of predominantly Puerto Rican prenatal care patients in Massachusetts. " 06/01/2010 - "We used data from the Latina gestational diabetes mellitus study, a prospective cohort of 1231 Latina prenatal care patients in western Massachusetts. " 06/01/2008 - "We assessed dietary behaviors, physical activity, and cigarette smoking in the Latina Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Study, a prospective cohort of 1231 prenatal care patients. "
4.	Diet Therapy (Therapy, Diet) 01/01/2005 - "Once compared with matched controls, gestational diabetes mellitus that can be successfully treated with diet therapy probably had minimal adverse effect on the obstetric outcome. " 01/01/2016 - "Diet therapy in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has focused on carbohydrate restriction but is poorly substantiated. " 01/01/2015 - "An appropriate increase in polyunsaturated fatty acid intake benefits pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus as well as fetuses, as long as the diet therapy follows basic recommendations and total energy intake is strictly controlled. " 06/01/2014 - "Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a public health problem in Mexico and diet therapy is the main form of treatment. " 01/01/2013 - "Diet therapy is the cornerstone for the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). "
5.	Nutrition Therapy (Medical Nutrition Therapy) 04/01/2008 - "[Nutrition therapy for gestational diabetes]." 07/01/2007 - "Nutrition therapy is an integral part of the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). " 04/01/2006 - "So, nutrition therapy should be an integral part of gestational diabetes treatment. " 01/01/2006 - "Nutrition therapy is an integral part of the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). " 10/01/2004 - "The goals of medical nutrition therapy for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are to meet the maternal and fetal nutritional needs, as well as to achieve and maintain optimal glycemic control. "