Thyroid Nodule (Nodule, Thyroid)

A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).

Also Known As:

Networked: 1559 relevant articles (84 outcomes, 207 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Thyroid Neoplasms (Thyroid Cancer)
2.	Thyroid Diseases (Thyroid Disease)
3.	Goiter
4.	Thyroid Nodule (Nodule, Thyroid)
5.	Hypothyroidism

Experts

1.	Paschke, R: 23 articles (04/2012 - 09/2000)
2.	Paschke, Ralf: 20 articles (04/2014 - 03/2002)
3.	Baek, Jung Hwan: 17 articles (11/2015 - 12/2008)
4.	Kim, Eun-Kyung: 13 articles (11/2015 - 05/2008)
5.	Kwak, Jin Young: 12 articles (11/2015 - 05/2008)
6.	Hegedüs, Laszlo: 11 articles (05/2015 - 10/2002)
7.	Lee, Jeong Hyun: 11 articles (05/2015 - 04/2010)
8.	Miyauchi, Akira: 10 articles (01/2015 - 10/2006)
9.	Eszlinger, Markus: 10 articles (01/2013 - 01/2004)
10.	Moon, Hee Jung: 9 articles (11/2015 - 05/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Thyroid Nodule:

1.	Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol)IBA 06/01/2014 - "The new open-window intervention needle approach was highly effective in conducting ethanol ablation of cystic thyroid nodules that could not be aspirated using conventional methodologies." 06/01/2014 - "Ethanol ablation efficacy in the treatment of 21 cystic thyroid nodules that could not be aspirated with an 18-gauge needle and the aspiration efficacy of 50 cystic thyroid nodules with an 18-gauge PTCA needle were not significantly different (p>0.05). " 09/01/2011 - "Although ethanol ablation has been successfully used to treat cystic thyroid nodules, this procedure is less effective when the thyroid nodules are solid. " 09/01/2014 - "Percutaneous aspiration and ethanol injection (PEI) is effective in managing predominantly cystic (>50% cystic) thyroid nodules with efficacy ranging from 38-85%. " 05/01/2012 - "Although ethanol ablation (EA) is effective in the treatment of cystic thyroid nodules, it is less effective in nodules with solid component. "
2.	Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2002 - "Low- and high-level TSH suppression were equally effective in reducing nodule volume and thus, considering the complications of high-level TSH suppression, low-level TSH suppression should be used if one considers levothyroxine suppressive therapy to reduce thyroid nodule size." 06/01/1993 - "These preliminary results prove PEI to be an effective and safe technique to treat thyroid nodules and to make a valuable alternative to surgery and L-thyroxine." 03/01/1994 - "These preliminary results suggest that PEI is an effective and safe therapy that may be useful in the treatment of thyroid nodules as an alternative to other therapies (surgery, L-thyroxine)." 04/01/2010 - "The present work aims to study the efficacy of thyroxine suppression in the management of benign thyroid nodules. " 02/01/2000 - "The aim of this study was to review all published randomized clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of suppressive therapy with levothyroxine for solitary thyroid nodules. "
3.	Factor IX (PTC)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "CT artifacts are important for the diagnosis of SCCs in thyroid nodules to tell benign from malignancy, and CT artifacts around the SCC are helpful for the diagnosis of NG and no artifacts indicate a larger probability of PTC. " 05/01/2012 - "BRAF(T1799A) mutation improves the diagnosis of PTC on FNAB, mainly because of the detection of cytopathology false-negatives, and it can be helpful in the routine analysis of thyroid nodules, especially in clinical settings with moderate sensitivity to detect PTC on FNAB." 08/01/2013 - "Archival specimens of PTC and benign thyroid nodules were included in this retrospective immunohistochemical study. " 07/01/2013 - "Aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic value of BRAF(V600E) and RET/PTC oncogenes in a large cohort of thyroid nodules with inconclusive FNC. " 08/01/2008 - "This study combines individual thyroid dosimetry data with molecular analysis of surgically removed thyroid nodules in order to determine if ret/PTC activation in thyroid nodules is associated with increasing estimated radiation dose from Chernobyl. "
4.	Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)FDA Link 01/01/2006 - "The introduction of sensitive thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH) assays, the widespread application of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, and the availability of high-resolution US have substantially improved the management of thyroid nodules. " 01/01/2010 - "In the initial work-up of a thyroid nodule, radioiodine imaging can be particularly helpful when the thyroid stimulating hormone level is low and an autonomously functioning nodule is suspected. " 06/01/2008 - "The purpose of the study was to analyze whether the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) alone avoids tests to exclude malignancy in all patients with functional thyroid nodules (FTN). " 11/01/1999 - "A dosimetry study was performed on 26 patients with an autonomous thyroid nodule and suppressed serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, to determine the dose to extranodular tissue when the nodule receives 300 Gy for 131I therapy. " 07/01/2015 - "In particular, the role of TS to detect or exclude the presence of autonomously functioning thyroid nodules (AFTN) in patients with normal serum thyrotropin (TSH) is still a matter to debate. "
5.	HormonesIBA 09/01/2005 - "Efficacy of thyroid hormone suppression for benign thyroid nodules: meta-analysis of randomized trials." 09/01/2005 - "To determine the efficacy of thyroid hormone suppressive therapy (THST) to decrease benign thyroid nodule volume. " 11/01/1997 - "The efficacy of postoperative thyroid hormone treatment in prevention of recurrent thyroid nodule is still controversial. " 07/01/1983 - "Improved selection of patients with benign thyroid nodules for thyroid hormone suppression therapy is needed--thyroid-releasing hormone testing may be of help." 06/01/2007 - "Our study aim was to investigate the effects of fine-needle biopsy used for thyroid nodules on serum thyroid hormone levels. "
6.	IodineIBA 12/01/2008 - "The fine-needle aspiration biopsy efficacy of small thyroid nodules in the area of recently normalized iodine supply." 02/01/2015 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of benign thyroid nodules on sonography and ultrasound elastography in a population exposed to iodine deficiency. " 10/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of BRAF exon 15 mutation (V600E) and its clinical value as a diagnostic tool in a series of thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology from an area of borderline iodine deficiency. " 09/01/2011 - "The objective of the study was the measurement of the effect of a treatment with (nonsuppressive) T(4), iodine, or a combination of both compared with placebo on volume of thyroid nodules and thyroid. " 03/01/2011 - "In this study, iodine deficiency was associated with an increase in thyroid nodule volumes. "
7.	Galectin 3 (LGALS3)IBA 12/01/2012 - "Galectin-3 (G3) immunostaining of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) samples from thyroid nodules is very useful for the diagnosis of malignancy. " 12/01/2008 - "The aim of this study is to evaluate the significance of immunohistochemical expression of Galectin-3 in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. " 07/01/2006 - "This study was conducted to study the role of galectin-3 in differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules onfine needle aspirates (FNAC). " 11/01/2015 - "Using surgical tissues, it was observed that a combination of PGK1 and Galectin-3 had high efficiency for distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid nodules and could improve surgical selection for TC among indeterminate nodules. " 08/01/2015 - "A Pilot Study of Galectin-3, HBME-1, and p27 Triple Immunostaining Pattern for Diagnosis of Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules in Cytology With Correlation to Histology."
8.	Messenger RNA (mRNA)IBA 01/01/2016 - "This study documents the potential usefulness of TSHR-mRNA for thyroid nodules with Bethesda III-V FNA categories. " 01/01/2011 - "This study confirmed that mRNA expression levels of 7 out of 8 candidate genes analysed have a diagnostic value for the distinction of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. " 02/01/2012 - "Using this method, we started a clinical trial and measured TFF3 mRNA in aspirates obtained from patients with a thyroid nodule. " 01/01/2012 - "Measurement of TFF3 mRNA in aspirates from thyroid nodules using mesh filtration: the first clinical trial in 130 cases." 12/01/2010 - "We used mRNA expression analysis to measure more than 247,186 transcripts in 315 thyroid nodules, comprising multiple subtypes. "
9.	ThyroglobulinFDA Link 04/01/2015 - "Several articles have assessed the role of preoperative serum thyroglobulin (Tg) as predictor of malignancy of thyroid nodules, with particular focus on nodules with indeterminate cytology. " 04/01/2015 - "Preoperative measurement of serum thyroglobulin to predict malignancy in thyroid nodules: a systematic review." 12/01/2014 - "We investigated the adjunctive role of preoperative serum thyroglobulin (Tg) in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. " 05/01/2006 - "Serum thyroglobulin levels after fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules." 11/01/2003 - "Role of serum thyroglobulin measurement in patients with thyroid nodules."
10.	CosmeticsIBA 11/01/2015 - "ET via the breast approach is a safe and effective procedure with excellent cosmetic results for patients with benign thyroid nodules." 01/01/2009 - "Our experience demonstrates that the minimally invasive open access in the thyroid surgery is a simple, safe and effective surgical technique, with very satisfactory cosmetic results in properly selected patients with small to middle-size thyroid nodules. " 01/01/2015 - "RF ablation improves cosmetic problems and symptoms and preserves thyroid function in patients with bilateral thyroid nodules." 01/01/2015 - "The inclusion criteria included bilateral thyroid nodules, pressure symptoms or cosmetic problems, cytologic confirmation of benignancy without atypical cells, and patient refusal of surgery. " 01/01/2014 - "Benign thyroid nodules often cause pressure symptoms and cosmetic complaints. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Lasers (Laser) 02/01/2009 - "Repeated laser thermal ablation of a large functioning thyroid nodule restores euthyroidism and ameliorates constrictive symptoms." 01/01/2015 - "Several clinical research papers evaluating the thermal effect of laser on the alleviation of thyroid nodules have been reviewed to illuminate the important points. " 12/01/2014 - "The aim of percutaneous thermal ablation with laser (LA) or radiofrequency (RFA) is to reduce the volume of benign thyroid nodules. " 10/01/2014 - "Numerous scientific publications have confirmed that percutaneous laser thermal ablation (LTA) represents a possible therapeutic option in selected patients with benign thyroid nodules. " 01/01/2012 - "The LTA is a relatively new method of treatment of thyroid nodules, which consists of delivering laser energy into the thyroid by means of two optical fibres. "
2.	Thyroidectomy 01/01/2014 - "Under a common range of complications, and considering the patient's preference and costs, total thyroidectomy should be selected as the most cost-effective treatment for patients with thyroid nodules and follicular patterns." 10/01/2013 - "Minimally invasive endoscopic thyroidectomy via mammary areola approach is a safe and effective method for the surgery of thyroid nodules with good aesthetic outcome." 02/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of implementing SNB in patients undergoing thyroidectomy for a cytologically indeterminate/suspicious/malignant thyroid nodule and to determine the potential improvement in clinical outcomes and the costs associated with the SNB technique. " 11/01/2015 - "The aim of this study was to compare the surgical outcomes of endoscopic thyroidectomy (ET) and conventional open thyroidectomy (COT) for benign thyroid nodules. " 07/01/2013 - "Transareola single-site endoscopic thyroidectomy: clinical study of 28 cases with thyroid nodules."
3.	Light Coagulation 08/01/2006 - "Interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) is a recently proposed therapeutic procedure for the ablation of benign thyroid nodules, which has already proven to be safe and effective. " 03/01/2005 - "To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound (US)-guided interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) on thyroid function, nodule size and patient satisfaction in benign solitary solid cold thyroid nodules by comparing one ILP session with no treatment in a prospective randomised study. " 07/01/2011 - "To evaluate the long-term efficacy of interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) in solitary benign thyroid nodules. " 07/01/2007 - "To compare the efficacy of interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) with radioiodine in hot thyroid nodules. " 10/01/2006 - "A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided laser photocoagulation for treatment of benign thyroid nodules."
4.	Laser Therapy (Surgery, Laser) 11/01/2015 - "Thyroid: Laser ablation of thyroid nodules is rapid, safe and effective." 10/01/2008 - "Laser ablation does not seem to be consistently effective in the long-term control of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules and is not an alternative treatment to 131I therapy. " 05/01/2015 - "To compare the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and laser ablation (LA) for treatment of benign solid thyroid nodules, using a systematic review including traditional pooling and Bayesian network meta-analysis. " 05/01/2015 - "Comparative efficacy of radiofrequency and laser ablation for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules: systematic review including traditional pooling and bayesian network meta-analysis." 11/01/2014 - "Thyroid nodule morphology affects the efficacy of ultrasound-guided interstitial laser ablation: a nested case-control study."
5.	Sclerotherapy 06/01/2014 - "The efficacy of the modified open-window approach was tested by carrying out sclerotherapy and drainage on 21 thyroid cystic nodules that could not be aspirated with an 18-gauge needle and comparing it to aspiration with an 18-gauge PTCA needle of 50 cystic thyroid nodules. " 06/01/2014 - "The purpose of this study was to develop a novel open-window needle aspiration method and evaluate its efficacy in drainage and sclerotherapy of cystic thyroid nodules that cannot be aspirated with an 18-gauge needle. " 01/01/1997 - "[Alcohol sclerotherapy for benign solitary thyroid nodules]." 11/04/1995 - "Alcohol sclerotherapy for benign solitary solid cold thyroid nodules." 07/01/1981 - "The cold thyroid nodule was the most frequent type of solitary nodule and half of these were unilocular cysts which were treated by aspiration and sclerotherapy. "