Crack Cocaine

The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (free-based), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term "crack" was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking.

Also Known As:

Networked: 371 relevant articles (5 outcomes, 43 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Ross, Michael W: 6 articles (01/2012 - 11/2002)
2.	Metsch, Lisa R: 4 articles (12/2014 - 09/2004)
3.	Lejuez, C W: 4 articles (06/2014 - 01/2009)
4.	Howard, Andrea A: 4 articles (06/2013 - 11/2002)
5.	Tull, Matthew T: 4 articles (07/2011 - 01/2009)
6.	Wood, Evan: 3 articles (12/2015 - 10/2009)
7.	Cohen, Mardge H: 3 articles (08/2014 - 07/2008)
8.	Pechansky, Flávio: 3 articles (08/2014 - 06/2013)
9.	Narvaez, Joana C M: 3 articles (08/2014 - 04/2012)
10.	Vlahov, David: 3 articles (06/2013 - 07/2007)

Related Diseases

1.	Substance-Related Disorders (Drug Abuse) 01/01/2014 - "There is a strong association between crack/cocaine use and increased sexual risk behavior, but little research on the efficacy of HIV education for decreasing such behavior in crack/cocaine-addicted individuals in substance abuse treatment. " 07/01/1999 - "There is an urgent need for additional research on the relationship between drug injection and crack smoking as well as improved HIV risk-reduction interventions that include drug abuse treatment components focusing on issues surrounding crack-cocaine addiction." 01/01/2005 - "This study presents the results of eleven focus groups with eighty-nine African American women in which respondents document the HIV risk behaviors of crack cocaine users, present their experiences in accessing substance abuse and HIV services, and documents their perceptions of barriers and services needs. " 10/01/2002 - "The goal of this study was to identify factors that predicted drug abuse treatment program entry among a community sample of 430 crack-cocaine users. " 03/01/2002 - "Treatment costs and costs per week abstinent are reported for four substance abuse treatments across two studies for persons homeless and addicted primarily to crack cocaine. "
2.	Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) 01/01/2009 - "Crack/cocaine dependent patients with PTSD exhibited significantly greater levels of risk-taking propensity than patients without PTSD, and this difference remained significant even when controlling for the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders and current psychotropic medication use. " 06/01/2009 - "Results provide support for the central role of difficulties in emotion regulation relative to AS dimensions in the prediction of PTSD within a crack/cocaine dependent population." 01/01/2002 - "craving) in individuals with PTSD and either crack cocaine (CD) or alcohol dependence (AD). " 06/01/2009 - "This study examined the unique relationships between AS dimensions, difficulties in emotion regulation, and a probable PTSD diagnosis among a sample of inner-city crack/cocaine dependent patients in residential substance abuse treatment. " 06/01/2009 - "The role of anxiety sensitivity and difficulties in emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder among crack/cocaine dependent patients in residential substance abuse treatment."
3.	Mental Disorders (Mental Disorder) 01/01/1997 - "We evaluated the efficacy of an outpatient intensive treatment program for crack cocaine; and the impact of psychiatric diagnosis on outcome variables. " 02/01/2001 - "Crack cocaine, alcohol, and other drug use patterns among homeless persons with other mental disorders."
4.	Lung Injury 08/01/1997 - "Lung clearance of 99mTc-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA) is a sensitive test of altered alveolar epithelial permeability that has been found to be increased in smokers of tobacco, as well as a small number of healthy smokers of crack cocaine, suggesting the possibility of subclinical crack-related lung injury. "
5.	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 10/01/2011 - "High mortality rates among Brazilian crack/cocaine-dependent patients, exposure to violence, and HIV/AIDS were topics discussed in this study. " 09/01/2006 - "The study suggests that the mortality risk among crack cocaine users is greater than that seen in the general population, homicide and AIDS being the most common causes of death among such individuals." 07/01/1998 - "This study confirms that HIV/AIDS interventions can reduce crack/cocaine use; however, high-risk sexual behaviors are more difficult to change. " 01/01/1998 - "This paper reports the findings of a study of congruence between AIDS risk perception and risk behavior in a sample of outreach-recruited out-of-treatment injection and non-injection crack cocaine using women in Hartford, CT. " 01/01/2010 - "The program provides a culturally relevant set of interventions specific to crack cocaine users aimed at reducing substance use and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Pentetic Acid (DTPA)
2.	diethylenetriamine
3.	Heroin (Diamorphine)
4.	Cocaine (Cocaine HCl)
5.	Smoke
6.	Amphetamines
7.	Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)
8.	Street Drugs (Illicit Drugs)
9.	Hypnotics and Sedatives (Sedatives)
10.	N-nitrosoiminodiacetic acid

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Condoms (Condom)
2.	Self Medication
3.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)
4.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis)
5.	Art Therapy