Fungemia

The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy.

Also Known As:

Networked: 564 relevant articles (36 outcomes, 29 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Bacteremia
3.	Sepsis (Septicemia)
4.	Leukemia
5.	Fever (Fevers)

Experts

1.	Alexander, Barbara D: 10 articles (01/2015 - 01/2005)
2.	Singh, Nina: 9 articles (01/2015 - 01/2005)
3.	Husain, Shahid: 8 articles (11/2010 - 01/2005)
4.	Somani, Jyoti: 8 articles (11/2010 - 01/2005)
5.	Wagener, Marilyn M: 7 articles (01/2015 - 01/2005)
6.	Muñoz, Patricia: 7 articles (08/2014 - 10/2002)
7.	Kalil, Andre C: 7 articles (02/2012 - 10/2005)
8.	Lortholary, Olivier: 7 articles (11/2011 - 10/2005)
9.	Pruett, Timothy L: 7 articles (11/2010 - 10/2005)
10.	Klintmalm, Goran B: 7 articles (11/2010 - 10/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Fungemia:

1.	Amphotericin B (Amphotericin)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1993 - "Treatment with amphotericin B eradicated the fungemia." 07/01/1993 - "The objective of this study is to identify prognostic factors affecting mortality in surgical patients with culture-proved fungemia and to examine how amphotericin B affects mortality after controlling for these factors. " 01/01/2011 - "Amphotericin was started, but systemic fungemia and the development of multiorgan failure resulted in her death. " 03/15/2009 - "Three patients developed breakthrough fungemia while receiving antifungal therapy, and amphotericin B therapeutic failure, which was associated with a high MIC of amphotericin B (32 microg/mL), was observed in 2 patients. " 02/01/2005 - "The Port-A-Cath was removed and the fungemia responded to amphotericin B treatment. "
2.	Fluconazole (Zonal)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1996 - "Therapy with fluconazole (FLCZ) was effective in 9 of 11 patients (81.8%) suspected of having fungemia. " 11/01/1998 - "Fluconazole was safe and effective antifungal therapy even in complicated or Candida fungemia in neonates and in infants with very low birth weight." 01/01/2013 - "The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of systemic fluconazole prophylaxis in the prevalence of fungemia. " 08/01/2005 - "Although no association was found between fluconazole dose and fungemia eradication in the entire study population, higher doses of fluconazole (> or =400 mg/d) were more likely to achieve fungemia eradication than lower doses (< or =400 mg/d) in the subset of patients who received only fluconazole (P = 0.042). " 08/01/2005 - "The main objective of this study was to evaluate fluconazole retrospectively as a treatment for C glabrata fungemia. "
3.	voriconazole (Vfend)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "Successful Treatment of Candida parapsilosis Fungemia in Two Preterms with Voriconazole." 08/01/2014 - "This is the first report, to our knowledge, of proven Trichoderma fungemia, defined by published criteria, successfully treated with voriconazole." 03/01/2009 - "Successful treatment with voriconazole of prolonged Paecilomyces lilacinus fungemia in a chronic hemodialyzed patient." 10/01/2005 - "Emergence of Candida albicans fungemia during voriconazole therapy." 12/01/2003 - "Successful treatment of Acremonium fungemia with voriconazole."
4.	AntigensIBA 02/01/2010 - "However, some notable improvements have been made in diagnostics with improved culturing methods, rapid species identification, and detection of fungemia with newer antigen assays. " 01/01/2002 - "This study demonstrates that clearance of fungemia is a better measure of antifungal effect than clearance of antigen." 01/15/2008 - "Patients with concomitant extrapulmonary disease were more likely to have a positive antigen test result (P=.018), and antigen titers were higher in patients with extrapulmonary disease (P=.003) or fungemia (P=.045). " 04/01/1994 - "beta-glucan [the toxinometer method (T), the Seikagaku-Kogyo method (S)] and candida antigen [the C and-Tec method (C)] were monitored as sero-diagnostic methods, the positive rates for all cases, fungemia, and mycosis of which were 63, 83, 62% (T), 88, 100, 92% (S) and 52, 83, 50% (C), respectively. " 09/01/1981 - "A passive hemagglutination-inhibition test for circulating antigen was positive in 50.9 percent of 57 patients with fungemia who were tested and may be a valid indication for treatment. "
5.	liposomal amphotericin BFDA Link 10/01/1989 - "These findings suggest that the liposomal amphotericin B preparation is superior in the treatment of fungemia in granulocytopenic patients, and that randomized trials are warranted." 11/01/2006 - "krusei fungemia who failed to respond to liposomal amphotericin B therapy alone. " 10/01/1989 - "Successful treatment with liposomal amphotericin B in two patients with persisting fungemia." 12/01/2002 - "Disseminated fungemia due to Candida krusei with cutaneous lesions and successful treatment by amphotericin B lipid complex and catheter removal: a case report." 09/01/2015 - "As the fever persisted despite clearance of fungemia and 10 days of liposomal amphotericin B treatment, cervical lymph node fine-needle aspiration was performed. "
6.	Itraconazole (Sporanox)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2011 - "Then, two months later, itraconazole was again prescribed for confirmed fungemia. " 02/01/1999 - "Fungemia due to Candida species was documented in 0.5% of itraconazole recipients and in 4% of placebo recipients, a difference of 3.5 percentage points (95% CI, 0.5% to 6%; P = .01). " 02/01/1995 - "Successful treatment of catheter-associated fungemia due to Candida krusei and Trichosporon beigelii in a leukemic patient receiving prophylactic itraconazole." 05/01/1996 - "Fatal Trichosporon pullulans breakthrough fungemia in cancer patients: report of three patients who failed on prophylaxis with itraconazole." 01/01/1999 - "The 12 cases of fungemia included 5 that started while the patients were receiving prophylaxis with oral itraconazole, and 2 appeared despite empiric therapy with amphotericin B. "
7.	micafungin (FK463)FDA Link 02/01/2010 - "Micafungin was started, patient responded, and fungemia cleared. " 10/01/2010 - "ohmeri fungemia in a patient that was successfully treated with micafungin." 10/01/2010 - "Kodamaea ohmeri fungemia in an immunocompetent patient treated with micafungin: case report and review of the literature." 10/01/2010 - "The fungemia and right arm phlebitis was successfully treated with a 2-week course of micafungin therapy. " 09/01/2006 - "Candida glabrata fungemia in a diabetic patient with neurogenic bladder: successful treatment with micafungin."
8.	CoagulaseIBA 09/01/2007 - "By counting episodes of fungemia only once per hospital stay and by considering all cases of coagulase-negative staphylococcal BSI to be catheter-related, we improved concordance with clinical assessment to 82%. " 03/01/1998 - "There was a significant reduction in the number of coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CONS) bacteremias (defined as isolation of the same organism from two positive blood cultures) during PN (5 vs. 0; P = 0.037) as well as the total number of bacteremias and fungemias (9 vs. 1; P = 0.036). " 10/01/1989 - "Hence, it is appropriate to speak of "crude mortality" and "attributable mortality." Among hospitalized patients, recent trends include rising incidences of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcal and enterococcal bacteremias and a dramatic increase in the incidence of fungemias. " 10/01/2000 - "When to suspect fungal infection in neonates: A clinical comparison of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis fungemia with coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia."
9.	Ketoconazole (Nizoral)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1999 - "Breakthrough Candida tropicalis fungemia during ketoconazole prophylaxis in cancer patients." 03/01/1997 - "Nosocomial Cryptococcus laurentii fungemia in a bone marrow transplant patient after prophylaxis with ketoconazole successfully treated with oral fluconazole." 02/01/1994 - "Ketoconazole was most often used for presumed or documented oral, urogenital, or esophageal infections and amphotericin B was the preferred agent for disseminated infections and fungemia (p < 0.001). " 09/01/2000 - "It was found that (1) therapy with corticosteroids (40 vs 18.5%, P<0.03), (2) breakthrough fungemia during ketoconazole prophylaxis (20 vs 7.7%, P<0.025), and (3) meningitis as a complication of fungemia (11.4 vs 0.8%, P< 0.001) occurred more frequently in the pediatric subgroup with fungemia. " 09/01/2000 - "Comparison of risk factors revealed no differences between adults and children with cancer and fungemia except in etiology, breakthrough fungemia during prophylaxis with ketoconazole, prior therapy with corticosteroids and meningitis as a complication. "
10.	Miconazole (Monistat)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1990 - "Patients in whom fungemia was diagnosed were effectively treated with miconazole." 07/01/1994 - "A case of Rhodotorula fungemia in a 13-year-old boy after neurosurgery successfully treated with miconazole and 5-flucytosine is reported. " 07/01/1994 - "Rhodotorula spp. fungemia in an immunocompromised boy after neurosurgery successfully treated with miconazole and 5-flucytosine: case report and review of the literature." 01/01/1990 - "Perchloric acid, toxicolor, endospecy, and miconazole in the early diagnosis and treatment of fungemia." 12/01/2000 - "The aim of this study was to test the antifungal susceptibility of 262 bloodstream yeast isolates (164 Candida albicans strain, 88 non-albicans Candida spp. and 10 non-Candida yeasts) recovered from 169 surgical, neonatal, critically ill intensive care unit patients (ICU), and cancer patients (mixed patient population) to amphotericin B (AmB), fluconazole (FLU), 5-flucytosine (5-FC), itraconazole (ITRA), ketoconazole (KETO), miconazole (MICO), and nystatin (NYS), in order to correlate in-vitro resistance to fluconazole with the outcome of fungemia. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Catheters 08/01/2004 - "On comparison of the clinical characteristics of the patients of the 2 hospitals, the CUH strains were isolated more frequently from non-neutropenic patients and patients with central venous catheter-related fungemia; cases from CUH had a better outcome than those from AMC (P < .05). " 09/01/1992 - "lilacinus catheter-related fungemia, and our patient may be the youngest reported patient with this mycosis who was cured." 11/01/2015 - "Our case series showed that uncomplicated Yarrowia lipolytica fungemia might be treated with catheter removal alone. " 05/01/2015 - "We describe a case of central venous catheter-related fungemia caused by Cryptococcus liquefaciens, a non-neoformans and non-gattii Cryptococcus, in a non-HIV patient. " 05/01/2015 - "The first reported case of central venous catheter-related fungemia caused by Cryptococcus liquefaciens."
2.	Transplants (Transplant) 04/01/2015 - "We describe a case of cryptococcal fungemia in a 62-year-old male renal transplant patient. " 06/01/2012 - "Donor-derived Coccidioides immitis fungemia in solid organ transplant recipients." 01/01/2010 - "Subcutaneous mycosis and fungemia by Aureobasidium pullulans: a rare pathogenic fungus in a post allogeneic BM transplant patient." 06/01/2008 - "glutinis fungemia in a solid organ transplant recipient." 06/01/2008 - "Rhodotorula glutinis fungemia in a liver-kidney transplant patient."
3.	Bone Marrow Transplantation (Transplantation, Bone Marrow) 10/01/1995 - "inflatum) fungemia following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: report of a case in the United States." 10/01/1994 - "Diagnosis of fungemia in bone marrow transplantation patients by examination of peripheral blood smears." 05/01/1998 - "Intravenous lipid dose and incidence of bacteremia and fungemia in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation." 03/01/1994 - "Native valve endocarditis due to Candida parapsilosis: a late complication after bone marrow transplantation-related fungemia." 10/01/1994 - "Two adult patients who had undergone bone marrow transplantation had transient fungemia due to Candida tropicalis during the posttransplantation neutropenic period and later (at 5 and 14 months post-transplantation) developed vertebral osteomyelitis due to the same organism. "
4.	Total Parenteral Nutrition 11/01/2014 - "Total parenteral nutrition changes species distribution in patients with fungemia." 03/01/2008 - "A fourth cluster of recurrent episodes of fungemia occurred in outpatients of a children's hospital receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) at home. " 11/01/2003 - "The combined approach of a total parenteral nutrition team, sterile protocols, and early diagnosis of fungemia should be advocated for the total parenteral nutrition patients." 01/01/1993 - "A laboratory-confirmed case of Malassezia furfur fungemia in a 71-year-old chronic total parenteral nutrition patient is described. " 11/01/1992 - "mucilaginosa fungemia, with emphasis on total parenteral nutrition related episodes. "
5.	Parenteral Nutrition 06/01/2007 - "Malassezia pachydermatis fungemia has been reported in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. " 10/01/1993 - "Candida parapsilosis fungemia was associated more frequently with the presence of a central venous line and to the use of parenteral nutrition than the other fungal species (p = 0.00026 and p = 0.01, respectively). " 06/01/1987 - "Candida parapsilosis fungemia associated with parenteral nutrition and contaminated blood pressure transducers." 11/01/1986 - "Logistic regression analysis indicated that the model that best fit the observed data included the following risk factors for fungemia: duration of umbilical artery catheterization; duration of receipt of parenteral nutrition; and estimated gestational age. " 04/01/2014 - "During a one-year survey on yeasts fungemia, 290 neonatal and 17 pediatric patients with intravascular catheters, lipid parenteral nutrition, prolonged ward stay, and surgery were enrolled. "