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Miosis

Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.

Also Known As:

Constricted Pupil; Miosis, Persistent; Small Pupil; Constricted Pupils; Mioses; Mioses, Persistent; Mioses, Pupillary; Miosis, Pupillary; Persistent Mioses; Persistent Miosis; Pupil, Constricted; Pupil, Small; Pupillary Mioses; Pupils, Constricted; Pupils, Small; Small Pupils; Pupillary Miosis

Networked: 784 relevant articles (29 outcomes, 60 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Cataract (Cataracts)
2.	Mydriasis
3.	Pain (Aches)
4.	Inflammation
5.	Tonic Pupil

Experts

1.	Kharasch, Evan D: 11 articles (12/2014 - 03/2003)
2.	Hoffer, Christine: 10 articles (05/2009 - 03/2003)
3.	Dick, H Burkhard: 6 articles (12/2015 - 09/2013)
4.	Schultz, Tim: 6 articles (12/2015 - 09/2013)
5.	Walsh, Sharon L: 6 articles (12/2015 - 08/2004)
6.	Zacny, James P: 6 articles (01/2015 - 01/2003)
7.	Kharasch, E D: 6 articles (04/2012 - 12/2001)
8.	Whittington, Dale: 6 articles (05/2009 - 12/2003)
9.	Lofwall, Michelle R: 5 articles (12/2015 - 12/2008)
10.	Nuzzo, Paul A: 5 articles (12/2015 - 12/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Miosis:

1.	Flurbiprofen (Froben)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/1994 - "The efficacy of 0.03% flurbiprofen in preventing intraoperative miosis was evaluated by a prospective randomized, double-masked controlled trial of 60 patients. " 01/01/1990 - "Also, flurbiprofen, a topically applied nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, was evaluated for its efficacy in preventing intraoperative miosis in a prospective, randomized study of 99 consecutive patients. " 09/01/1993 - "Yet based on clinical and experimental data, some researchers do not agree that flurbiprofen prevents miosis. " 01/01/1990 - "Preoperative treatment with flurbiprofen did not decrease the risk of intraoperative miosis." 09/15/1989 - "Of the nine patients who developed at least 3 mm of miosis, five received flurbiprofen and four did not. "
2.	Pilocarpine (Ocusert)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2011 - "When CS-PN/SE was administered topically to rabbit eyes, the ocular clearance and the mean resident time (MRT) of pilocarpine nitrate were found to be dramatically improved (P < 0.05) compared with PN/SE and pilocarpine nitrate solution (PNs), since the K(CS-PN/SE) was declined to 0.006 4 +/- 0.000 3 min(-1) while MRT was prolonged up to 155.4 min. Pharmacodynamics results showed that the maximum miosis of CS-PN/SE was as high as 46.3%, while the miotic response lasted 480 min which is 255 min and 105 min longer than that of PNs and PN/SE, respectively. " 06/01/1986 - "Despite generalized consensus that pilocarpine-induced miosis results in some degree of visual field constriction, studies describing the predictability of this occurrence, as well as the nature of the field defects that may be seen, have not been undertaken. " 11/01/2014 - "In both cases, instillation of dilute 0.1% pilocarpine caused miosis in the affected eyes. " 08/01/2013 - "Miosis was induced by topical 1% pilocarpine in the right eye of 14 healthy subjects with normal eyes. " 12/01/2012 - "The pupil constricted after pilocarpine (P = 0.001). "
3.	SarinIBA 04/01/2012 - "This study was aimed to test the efficacy of short-acting anticholinergic drugs against sarin-induced miosis and visual impairment, which will minimally insult vision. " 06/01/1973 - "Visual acuity after exposure to sarin alone was improved in some instances by the miosis produced.5. It is suggested that unless full dark adaptation is a consideration, treatment of the ophthalmic condition resulting from exposure to this dosage of sarin should be reserved for those experiencing distressing ocular symptoms." 02/28/2008 - "Further, these results extend previous studies indicating that miosis is a valid early indicator for the detection of sarin vapor exposure." 08/01/2015 - "Eye exposure to the extremely toxic organophosphorus sarin results in long-term miosis and visual impairment. " 05/01/2014 - "Efficacy assessment of a combined anticholinergic and oxime treatment against topical sarin-induced miosis and visual impairment in rats."
4.	Indomethacin (Indometacin)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1992 - "It is concluded that even though indomethacin seems to be able to inhibit surgically induced miosis, probably through its inhibitory effect on prostaglandin synthesis, the effect is only marginal and from a clinical point of view it cannot be recommended." 01/01/1991 - "Topical use of Indomethacin was documented to prevent surgically induced miosis, and it reduced postoperative inflammatory response. " 01/01/1990 - "The use of topical indomethacin in the prevention of surgically induced miosis has been documented. " 06/01/1989 - "Per-operative miosis was significantly smaller in the group receiving indomethacin as compared with the control group (P = 0.06-0.13). " 01/01/1987 - "It is concluded that local use preoperatively of the antiprostaglandin drug indomethacin in 1% ophthalmic solution (Indocid, MSD) is able to reduce surgically induced miosis during ECCE, thereby facilitating the operative procedure and probably minimizing complications."
5.	Diclofenac (SR 38)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1987 - "In this investigation, a rabbit model was used to study the effectiveness of topical diclofenac sodium in the prevention of miosis induced by manipulation of the ocular structures. " 12/01/2014 - "Diclofenac treatment was most effective at inhibiting pupil miosis when the hardness of the nucleus was grade 3, P=0.009. " 05/01/1998 - "Systemic diclofenac sodium 50 mg given orally 1 hour before surgery did not significantly inhibit miosis when compared with a control group. " 01/01/1996 - "The effects of diclofenac on cryo-induced miosis." 01/01/1986 - "A slight paracentesis-induced miosis was refractory to diclofenac sodium. "
6.	Epinephrine (Adrenaline)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2007 - "Intracameral adrenaline usage did not change the IFIS occurrence rate, but it seemed to be effective in preventing intraoperative miosis. " 02/01/1994 - "The adrenaline entering the eye through the anterior capsulotomy needle helped to resist the miosis induced by expression of the nucleus (7.1 versus 6.5 mm). " 12/01/2014 - "Pupil miosis was not related to the hardness of the nucleus when the patients were treated with epinephrine. " 11/01/2007 - "Intraoperative miosis was seen only in 3 of the 10 eyes with adrenaline and in 7 of the 8 eyes without adrenaline (p=0.025). " 01/01/2015 - "In phacoemulsification with the use of intracameral epinephrine 5 eyes showed iris billowing, 4 eyes presented some extent of miosis and 2 eyes had tendency to iris prolapse. "
7.	brimonidine (Alphagan)FDA LinkGeneric 07/12/1995 - "The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacology of the intraocular pressure (IOP) response to brimonidine in rabbits and monkeys and the side effects (miosis, cardiovascular depression) in monkeys. " 07/01/2011 - "Brimonidine and BTFC therapy caused miosis and widening of most of the anterior chamber angle parameters without changing the anterior chamber depth. " 01/01/2009 - "Brimonidine tartrate 0.20% caused significant miosis within 30 minutes and 120 minutes; after 240 minutes, the effect under all luminance conditions decreased to baseline levels without reaching the initial level. " 08/01/2004 - "Brimonidine tartrate caused significant miosis, especially under scotopic conditions, most likely from its alpha-2 adrenergic effect. " 12/01/2002 - "We conclude that 0.2% brimonidine produces a decrease in IOP in dogs, a statistically significant miosis, and a reduced heart rate (12-22%). "
8.	Naproxen (Naprosyn)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2002 - "Two double blind studies have been performed comparing the efficacy of naproxen ophthalmic solution to that of placebo or diclofenac in inhibiting pre-operative miosis. " 05/01/2002 - "Topical naproxen sodium for inhibition of miosis during cataract surgery. " 09/01/1995 - "The inhibition of the protein influx in the aqueous humour and of the miosis produced by sodium naproxen can be related to the high drug levels in the aqueous humour that were effective in inhibiting the cyclo-oxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, whereas the effects on PMN infiltration appear to be independent of significant release of the potent chemotactic agent LTB4, synthesized via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway."
9.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 05/03/2013 - "Computing a retinal illumination map shows that the W-shaped pupil is effective in balancing a vertically uneven light field: The constricted pupil reduces light from the dorsal part of the visual field significantly more than it reduces light from the horizontal band. " 01/01/2011 - "The purpose of this study was to improve the clarity of retinal images photographed through small pupils. " 05/01/2007 - "In this study, the effects of pupil diameter and, especially in the case of small pupils, of eye wall translucency on the amount of retinal straylight were investigated. " 01/01/1988 - "The purpose of this study was to determine how aging affects spatial contrast sensitivity at low light levels and to examine whether senile miosis, which reduces retinal illuminance in the aged eye, underlies any observed sensitivity loss. " 01/01/2011 - "In 78% of these eyes with small pupils, photography with off-axis alignment produced images of sufficient clarity for clinical assessment of retinal appearance. "
10.	Ketorolac Tromethamine (Acular)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1999 - "In this study, ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% ophthalmic solution provided effective and well-tolerated inhibition of surgically induced miosis during cataract surgery." 01/01/2006 - "Several studies have demonstrated that, as well as reducing pain and ocular inflammation, ketorolac tromethamine 0.4% effectively treats cystoid macular oedema, inhibits miosis and may prevent cystoid macular oedema when used both pre- and postoperatively. " 08/01/2000 - "5% (Acular) as a cost-efficient single agent to prevent intraoperative miosis and postoperative inflammation in cataract surgery. " 03/01/2002 - "To compare the effect of topical ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% solution and topical diclofenac sodium 0.1% solution on the inhibition of surgically induced miosis. " 04/01/2010 - "Comparison of Ketorolac Tromethamine and Prednisolone Acetate in Preventing Surgically Induced Miosis during Cataract Surgery."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Phacoemulsification 01/01/2015 - "The incidence of significant intraoperative corneal haze and miosis was higher and the effective phacoemulsification time significantly lower in the study group (P < .001). " 01/01/2014 - "To explore a simple and low-cost self-made disposable flexible iris retractor and study its clinical efficacy and safety in small pupil phacoemulsification. " 05/01/2015 - "to develop a differentiated approach to hybrid phacoemulsification (PE) in small pupils. " 05/01/2015 - "[Differentiated approach to hybrid phacoemulsification in small pupils]." 09/01/2014 - "Phacoemulsification using 8 flexible iris hooks in a patient with a short eye, small pupil, and phacodonesis."
2.	Lasers (Laser) 12/01/2015 - "Previous studies detected elevated prostaglandin levels after femtosecond laser treatment and identified them as a potential mediator for laser-induced miosis. " 03/01/1983 - "Our measurements of convergence accommodation using laser-speckle targets are in good agreement with previous studies that used small pupils. " 12/01/2015 - "Therefore, it has potential to limit intraoperative laser-induced miosis. " 09/01/2015 - "[Malyugin ring for intraoperative miosis in femtosecond laser phacovitrectomy]." 07/01/2015 - "FLACS is more expensive and time-consuming, may increase surgical complications during the surgeon's initial learning period, introduces unique risks due to the additional steps of laser docking and treatment, and is limited in its scope of use as compared to SP due to factors including small pupils and orbital anatomy. "
3.	Intraocular Lenses (Intraocular Lens) 01/01/1990 - "Studies of the pseudophakic eye with an intraocular lens verified that the lower transparency and yellowish changes of the crystalline lens and senile miosis do not entirely account for the depressed visual function in the elderly. " 03/01/2012 - "Intraocular lens was captured in 6 (27.3%) of 22 eyes in the dilation, 1 (4.5%) of 21 eyes in the miosis, and none in the alternate-day groups (P = 0.0133). " 07/01/1997 - "Implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens can be difficult and risky in complicated cases such as a large tear in the posterior capsule, a cloudy cornea, or a small pupil. " 11/01/1991 - "Most surgeons also inject a cholinergic agent intracamerally for miosis after intraocular lens insertion. " 09/01/1989 - "Because the on-axis case should carry more weight and because conditions favoring the reverse form include small pupils for which image quality is fairly insensitive to variations in lens shape, it is suggested that good forms for intraocular lenses range from plano-convex (curved surface facing cornea) to equi-convex."
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/2015 - "Miosis and ptosis improved after treatment in both patients. " 03/01/1991 - "The treated eye had reduced pupil diameter at 30 minutes after treatment, and miosis persisted throughout the 12 hours of the study. " 03/01/1991 - "The treated eye had reduced pupil diameter at 30 minutes after treatment, and miosis persisted throughout the 12 hours of the study. " 09/01/2004 - "Eight, 24, and 48 hr after treatment clinical uveitis scores (miosis, iris hyperemia, and hypopyon) were assessed by a masked observer and the rats were euthanized. " 11/01/1986 - "Five days after treatment with chlorpyrifos, a 1.5-year-old male llama was unable to stand, had saliva flowing from its mouth, and had constricted pupils, hyperglycemia, a metabolic acidosis, and a plasma pseudocholinesterase activity of 111 IU/L. "
5.	Vitrectomy 03/01/2012 - "The objective of the study was to compare the safety and efficacy of postoperative pharmacological pupil dilation, miosis, and alternate-day pupil dilation and miosis after combined phacoemulsification (phaco), intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with intraocular tamponade. " 03/01/2012 - "Prospective Randomized Comparative Study of the Effect of Pupil Dilation or Miosis in Intraocular Lens Pupillary Capture After Combined Phacoemulsification and Vitrectomy With Intraocular Tamponade." 06/01/1998 - "The incidence of surgical problems and complications was higher than usual: 7 eyes presented small pupil size (< 3.0 mm); sudden changes in anterior chamber depth and pupil size during surgery occurred in 6 eyes; unusual mobility and flaccidity of the posterior capsule was observed in 6 cases, which was associated with posterior subcapsular cataract and young age (< 50 years); posterior capsule tear occurred in 2 eyes, 1 of which required anterior vitrectomy. " 05/01/2006 - "Ultrasound examination with both 50- and 20-MHz frequency probes can detect the typical snowbank in intermediate uveitis and be useful in eyes with small pupil, dense vitreitis, or both, especially before pars plana vitrectomy or cataract surgery." 10/01/2015 - "After adjusting for age, pseudoexfoliation, small pupil, prior ocular surgery, and anterior chamber depth, we found that glaucoma cases were more likely to have posterior capsular tear with vitrectomy (odds ratio [OR] 1.8, P = .03) and sulcus intraocular lens placement (OR 1.65, P = .03) during cataract surgery. "