Posterior Uveitis

Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.

Also Known As:

Networked: 353 relevant articles (27 outcomes, 26 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Panuveitis
2.	Uveitis
3.	Inflammation
4.	Macular Edema
5.	Retinal Vasculitis

Experts

1.	Foster, C Stephen: 8 articles (07/2013 - 09/2003)
2.	Rosenbaum, James T: 5 articles (03/2014 - 01/2007)
3.	Smith, Justine R: 5 articles (01/2013 - 01/2002)
4.	Jaffe, Glenn J: 5 articles (10/2008 - 07/2005)
5.	Jabs, Douglas A: 4 articles (10/2015 - 03/2010)
6.	Comstock, Timothy L: 4 articles (06/2015 - 09/2008)
7.	Rothova, Aniki: 4 articles (01/2015 - 02/2008)
8.	Nguyen, Quan Dong: 4 articles (01/2015 - 01/2007)
9.	Lightman, Susan: 4 articles (07/2013 - 12/2003)
10.	Brézin, Antoine P: 4 articles (12/2011 - 07/2005)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Posterior Uveitis:

1.	infliximab (Remicade)FDA Link 10/01/2010 - "Four patients with posterior uveitis secondary to Behçet's disease were treated with infliximab until complete remission and were followed after withdrawal of infusions. " 07/01/2007 - "Infliximab is rapidly effective and safe in a high proportion BD patients with refractory posterior uveitis, and may be helpful to prevent recurrences." 07/01/2003 - "Infliximab is effective in the treatment of sight-threatening refractory posterior uveitis. " 09/01/2007 - "In our experience infliximab proved to be safe and effective in controlling both the number and intensity of cases of posterior uveitis and the extraocular manifestations of BD. " 01/01/2012 - "To evaluate the long-term efficacy of infliximab in patients with refractory Behçet's disease (BD)-associated and idiopathic posterior uveitis (PU). "
2.	Fluocinolone Acetonide (Capex)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2010 - "To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an intravitreal fluocinolone acetonide (FA) implant compared with standard therapy in subjects with noninfectious posterior uveitis (NIPU). " 09/01/2008 - "To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 0.59-mg and 2.1-mg fluocinolone acetonide (FA) intravitreous implants in noninfectious posterior uveitis. " 07/01/2005 - "To investigate the safety and efficacy of a fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant in the treatment of noninfectious posterior uveitis. " 06/01/2006 - "To report the interim 34-week safety and efficacy results of a 3-year study to evaluate an investigational intravitreal fluocinolone acetonide (FA) implant in patients with noninfectious posterior uveitis. " 06/01/2006 - "Fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) for noninfectious posterior uveitis: thirty-four-week results of a multicenter randomized clinical study."
3.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2011 - "To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 2 doses of dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DEX implant) for treatment of noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis. " 05/01/2015 - "This study aims at the development and preliminary evaluation of dexamethasone nanomicelles for treating posterior uveitis. " 01/01/2010 - "More recently, Ozurdex, a 'bioerodible' dexamethasone implant which can be inserted in an office setting, has completed phase III clinical trials in patients with intermediate and posterior uveitis. " 12/01/2015 - "To investigate the results of dexamethasone (DEX) implant in the treatment of eyes with refractory Behçet posterior uveitis. " 12/01/2015 - "Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant for Treatment of Refractory Behçet Posterior Uveitis: One-year Follow-up Results."
4.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 04/01/2005 - "Previous studies showed the immunological efficacy of TNFalpha inhibitors in the treatment of posterior uveitis. " 06/01/2004 - "Neutralizing tumor necrosis factor activity leads to remission in patients with refractory noninfectious posterior uveitis." 12/01/2010 - "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) may disrupt the extracellular matrix components comprising the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) in patients with posterior uveitis, such as Behçet's disease. " 06/01/1992 - "This posterior uveitis was not apparent until 48 hr and then increased significantly at 168 hr. At 48 and 168 hr, the effects of TNF-alpha/IL-1 beta on protein levels in vitreous humor were consistent with a synergistic interaction. " 06/01/1992 - "TNF-alpha/IL-1 beta induced an anterior uveitis that was barely detectable at 6 hr, increased at 24 hr, peaked at 48 hr, and largely resolved by 168 hr. Synergy was observed for infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes into aqueous humor at 24 and 48 hr and for protein and prostaglandin E levels in aqueous humor at 48 hr. Based upon protein levels in vitreous humor, TNF-alpha/IL-1 beta also induced a posterior uveitis. "
5.	Tacrolimus (Prograf)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2007 - "To study the efficacy of tacrolimus in immune posterior uveitis. " 01/01/2007 - "Twenty-one eyes of 11 patients with immune posterior uveitis under tacrolimus treatment were prospectively followed for 1 to 5 years. " 01/01/2007 - "Long-term follow-up of tacrolimus treatment in immune posterior uveitis." 04/01/1999 - "The posterior uveitis remained controlled in all patients while they were taking tacrolimus. " 07/01/1990 - "The potential of FK-506 for the control of autoimmune diseases has been demonstrated in rodent models of rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, posterior uveitis, allergic encephalomyelitis and glomerulonephritis. "
6.	Cyclosporine (Ciclosporin)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2004 - "Treatment with cyclosporine (CsA) has considerably improved the visual prognosis of patients suffering from endogenous posterior uveitis (EPU). " 04/01/2005 - "Cyclosporine (CsA) is a widely used drug in the treatment of posterior uveitis. " 03/01/2004 - "Experience with cyclosporine in endogenous uveitis posterior." 06/01/1990 - "Three patients with Behçet's disease and therapy-resistant posterior uveitis have been treated with cyclosporin A (CS-A) for four years. " 01/01/1989 - "Low dose cyclosporin A therapy in chronic posterior uveitis."
7.	Interferon-alpha (Interferon Alfa)FDA Link 11/01/2010 - "Alpha interferon has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of Behçet's disease and other forms of posterior uveitis. " 07/01/2007 - "Interferon-alpha as an effective treatment for noninfectious posterior uveitis and panuveitis." 05/01/1996 - "Erosive arthritis and posterior uveitis in Behçet's disease: treatment with interferon alpha and interferon gamma."
8.	daclizumab (dacliximab)FDA Link 09/01/2008 - "The results of this small, non-randomized pilot study support the consideration of high-dose daclizumab therapy in cases of active posterior uveitis." 12/01/2004 - "Ten patients with non-infectious intermediate and posterior uveitis were treated with intravenous daclizumab (humanized anti-IL-2 receptor monoclonal antibody) monthly for two years. " 02/01/2011 - "Overall, both the immunosuppressive and the biologic therapies appeared effective in the treatment of autoimmune posterior uveitis, except for daclizumab in uveitis related to Behçet's disease, and for etanercept in any uveitis. " 05/01/2005 - "To assess the feasibility of a study design that may determine whether subcutaneous administration of the interleukin-2 receptor antibody daclizumab can safely reduce the dependence on standard systemic corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive regimens in patients with sight-threatening, noninfectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, or panuveitis. "
9.	Prednisolone (Predate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1998 - "They were more potent (at 3-10 mg/kg t.i.d.) than prednisolone (20 mg/kg t.i.d.) in effectively inhibiting posterior uveitis. " 01/01/1992 - "RVC-574 was more active than prednisolone in inhibiting posterior uveitis by 65% and 43%, respectively. " 08/15/1991 - "Fifty-six patients with bilateral sight-threatening noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis participated in a randomized double-masked study of the use of cyclosporine vs prednisolone in their treatment. " 01/01/1986 - "[Treatment of posterior uveitis with cyclosporin or prednisolone--one-year report of a randomized prospective study]." 12/01/2003 - "Mycophenolate mofetil is safe for long-term usage and is recommended for treatment of refractory panuveitis or posterior uveitis with uncontrolled inflammation despite high prednisolone maintenance dosage (>15 mg/day) or toxicity or lack of efficacy of other immuno-suppressive agents. "
10.	mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2002 - "[Efficiency of mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of intermediate and posterior uveitis]." 03/01/2010 - "Among 236 patients (397 eyes) treated with mycophenolate mofetil monotherapy, 20.3%, 11.9%, and 39.8% had anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, and posterior uveitis or panuveitis respectively; 14% had scleritis; 7.6% had mucous membrane pemphigoid; and 6.4% had other ocular inflammatory diseases. " 12/01/2003 - "Mycophenolate mofetil is safe for long-term usage and is recommended for treatment of refractory panuveitis or posterior uveitis with uncontrolled inflammation despite high prednisolone maintenance dosage (>15 mg/day) or toxicity or lack of efficacy of other immuno-suppressive agents. " 10/01/2014 - "To compare the relative effectiveness of methotrexate and mycophenolate mofetil for noninfectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, or panuveitis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Injections 08/01/2005 - "Efficacy of periocular corticosteroid injections in the management of posterior uveitis." 08/01/2000 - "Subsequently, posterior uveitis developed, necessitating posterior subtenon injections. " 02/21/1990 - "Posterior uveitis is treated with systemic and local injections. " 10/01/2008 - "All consecutive patients treated from April 1998 through September 2006 at an academic clinical practice with intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, or panuveitis requiring immunosuppressive therapy, periocular corticosteroid injections, or both. " 10/01/2015 - "Both single and repeated injections of a dexamethasone-containing implant are safe and effective for the treatment of noninfectious intermediate and posterior uveitis in children. "
2.	Biological Therapy 11/01/2007 - "The majority of reports of biologic therapies in posterior uveitis have been uncontrolled trials, or retrospective studies, of uveitis resistant to immunosuppression. " 02/01/2011 - "Selection criteria were as follows: (1) population: autoimmune posterior uveitis, chronic anterior uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and macular edema; (2) intervention: immunosuppressive and biologic therapies; (3) outcomes: visual acuity, Tyndall, vitreous haze, macular edema, pars planitis, and retinal vasculitis. " 02/01/2011 - "Systematic review on the effectiveness of immunosuppressants and biological therapies in the treatment of autoimmune posterior uveitis." 02/01/2011 - "To analyze the effectiveness of immunosuppressants and biological therapies in autoimmune posterior uveitis, chronic anterior uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and macular edema. " 02/01/2011 - "Overall, both the immunosuppressive and the biologic therapies appeared effective in the treatment of autoimmune posterior uveitis, except for daclizumab in uveitis related to Behçet's disease, and for etanercept in any uveitis. "
3.	Vitrectomy 01/01/2012 - "A patient with human immunodeficiency virus who developed immune-recovery posterior uveitis in the context of inactive toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis underwent complete ophthalmologic evaluation, polymerase chain reaction of the aqueous humor, diagnostic vitrectomy, and cerebral ancillary testing. " 08/01/2010 - "Scleral thickness was measured at the pars plana region (4 quadrants) with anterior segment OCT (Visante) in FA implanted eyes (18) with noninfectious posterior uveitis in comparison to eyes with prior vitrectomy (8), and normal eyes without prior surgery (30). " 05/01/2008 - "Diagnostic vitrectomy for the diagnosis and management of posterior uveitis of unknown etiology." 09/01/2004 - "Vitreous specimens were collected from 23 eyes of patients with active intermediate and posterior uveitis who underwent diagnostic or therapeutic vitrectomies. " 03/01/2003 - "There is evidence that pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) has a beneficial effect on the clinical course of chronic endogenous posterior uveitis (EPU) possibly by physically removing any resident inflammatory cells with the vitreous. "
4.	Lasers (Laser) 01/01/1998 - "[Comparative laser tyndallometry and fluorophotometry in anterior and posterior uveitis]." 04/01/1994 - "The potential of laser flare-cell photometry for precise follow-up and adjustment of therapy was illustrated in cases of anterior and posterior uveitis. " 11/01/1985 - "Forty-six eyes in 26 patients with active, intermediate, and/or posterior uveitis with decreased visual acuity were evaluated with the laser interferometer before treatment with systemic cyclosporine. " 02/01/2013 - "A total of 26 patients attending the St Paul's Eye Unit uveitis clinic with posterior uveitis underwent wide-angle (150 degree) retinal angiography with the Heidelberg Retina Angiograph 2 Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope using the Staurenghi SLO 230 contact lens. " 01/01/1983 - "This condition is considered to be an allied disorder to central serous choroidopathy, fluorescein angiography showing leakage points or detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium, and photocoagulation with Xenon or laser to these points leading to recovery in three of the four cases, though it appears to be closely related to posterior uveitis."
5.	Cataract Extraction 01/01/1995 - "Cataract extraction in patients with chronic posterior uveitis." 04/01/1990 - "Cataract extraction in patients with chronic posterior uveitis." 03/01/1987 - "Aqueous humor from patients with anterior uveitis induced significantly more monocyte migration than did aqueous humor from two sets of controls (either patients undergoing cataract extraction or patients with posterior uveitis). " 07/01/2007 - "To report the outcomes of cataract extraction with intraoperative intravitreal triamcinolone (IVTA) in eyes with a history of posterior uveitis. "