4-Aminopyridine (4 Aminopyridine)

One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS with secondary effect on calcium currents which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes.

Also Known As:

4 Aminopyridine; 4-Aminopyridine Sustained Release; Dalfampridine; Fampridine-SR; Pymadine; VMI-103; 4 Aminopyridine Sustained Release; Fampridine SR; Sustained Release, 4-Aminopyridine; VMI 103; VMI103; 4-Pyridinamine

Networked: 703 relevant articles (65 outcomes, 130 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Blight, Andrew R: 16 articles (02/2017 - 07/2003)
2.	Henney, Herbert R: 13 articles (11/2015 - 10/2009)
3.	Strupp, Michael: 11 articles (08/2021 - 09/2011)
4.	Mihály, András: 11 articles (01/2019 - 02/2003)
5.	Krisztin-Péva, Beáta: 9 articles (01/2019 - 02/2003)
6.	Avoli, Massimo: 7 articles (03/2016 - 12/2007)
7.	Rothman, Steven M: 7 articles (01/2012 - 03/2002)
8.	Elfar, John C: 6 articles (04/2022 - 01/2019)
9.	Talukder, M A Hassan: 6 articles (04/2022 - 01/2019)
10.	Schwartz, Theodore H: 6 articles (01/2018 - 04/2006)

Related Diseases

1.	Multiple Sclerosis 10/01/2010 - "A previous phase 3 study showed significant improvement in walking ability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients treated with oral, extended-release dalfampridine (4-aminopyridine) 10mg twice daily. " 08/01/2009 - "To review the present understanding of multiple sclerosis, the proposed mechanism of action of Fampridine-SR in patients, the published data regarding its efficacy and safety in human clinical trials, and to discuss its potential clinical uses in MS. Fampridine-SR 10 mg twice a day has been shown to be safe and effective in improving the ambulation of patients with walking disability due to MS. It will probably find clinical application beyond this specific indication in a significant proportion of patients." 01/01/2021 - "There were significant differences between dalfampridine and placebo in terms of decreased 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale score (weighted mean difference [WMD] = - 3.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] [- 5.55, - 1.80], p = 0.0001), improved response to the timed 25-foot walk test (relative risk [RR] = 2.57, 95% CI [1.04, 6.33], p = 0.04), increased 6-min walk test (WMD = 18.40, 95% CI [1.30, 35.51], p = 0.03), increased 9-Hole Peg Test score (WMD = 1.33, 95% CI [0.60, 2.05], p = 0.0004), and increased Symbol Digit Modalities Test score (WMD = 4.47, 95% CI [3.91, 5.02], p < 0.00001). " 06/01/1994 - "Because 4-aminopyridine (AP) improves residual deficits in some multiple sclerosis (MS) patients but has a narrow toxic-to-therapeutic margin, we compared the safety and efficacy of two target peak serum concentration ranges (low: 30 to 59 ng/ml and high: 60 to 100 ng/ml). " 01/01/2013 - "Dalfampridine (Ampyra) is indicated to improve walking in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and was found to be effective in 35%-43% of individuals with MS in clinical trials. "
2.	Seizures (Absence Seizure) 11/01/2014 - "Use of 4-aminopyridine was associated with improved hemodynamic parameters and survival in animal studies, at the risk of seizures. " 07/01/2012 - "In clinical trials, dalfampridine improved walking speed in approximately one third of patients with MS. The risk of seizures appears to be dose-related and the incidence is low at doses of 10 mg twice daily. " 01/01/2013 - "Antiaris further delayed the onset of seizures in 4-aminopyridine model while producing 75% protection against death in mice. " 09/01/2009 - "Repeated 4-aminopyridine induced seizures diminish the efficacy of glutamatergic transmission in the neocortex." 01/01/2022 - "The objective of this study was to investigate the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced seizures and the underlying mechanism. "
3.	Spinal Cord Injuries (Spinal Cord Injury) 03/01/1997 - "The sensitivity of injured axons to 1 microM 4-aminopyridine is consistent with the hypothesis that some beneficial effects of the drug seen in patients with spinal cord injury are related to improved conduction in myelinated axons, since cerebrospinal fluid levels of 4-aminopyridine should approach this concentration following clinical systemic doses, although it remains likely that synaptic effects also play a role. " 05/01/1997 - "To test the hypothesis that 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) might cause clinically evident improvement in pulmonary function in humans with chronic spinal cord injury (chronic SCI). " 06/01/1999 - "Safety and efficacy of 4-aminopyridine in humans with spinal cord injury: a long-term, controlled trial." 01/01/2022 - "To provide current evidence on the efficacy of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) to bring about functional improvement in individuals with chronic traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). " 01/01/2022 - "Functional improvement in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury treated with 4-aminopyridine: A systematic review."
4.	Type 2 Episodic Ataxia 09/10/2010 - "Recent studies indicated that 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) can prevent the attacks in patients with episodic ataxia type 2. However, the cellular mechanism(s) by which 4-AP might be beneficial for the improvement of motor function remain unclear. " 04/01/2020 - "So far, no state-of-the art randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial has shown a convincing clinically relevant efficacy of any drug, with the exception of 4-aminopyridine for the symptomatic treatment of episodic ataxia type 2 and downbeat nystagmus (placebo-controlled trials)." 01/01/2022 - "Use of Dalfampridine in a Young Child with Episodic Ataxia Type 2." 02/01/2013 - "Effects of dalfampridine on attacks in patients with episodic ataxia type 2: an observational study." 01/01/2018 - "For patients with episodic ataxia type 2, 4-aminopyridine 15 mg/d probably reduces ataxia attack frequency over 3 months (1 Class I study). "
5.	Pathologic Nystagmus 02/01/2011 - "Controlled studies found gabapentin and memantine to be effective in acquired pendular nystagmus and early-onset idiopathic nystagmus, and an efficacy of 4-aminopyridine in downbeat nystagmus." 10/01/2019 - "Specific recent advances in the study of nystagmus and saccadic intrusions include (1) improved understanding of the underlying etiologies and mechanisms of nystagmus enhanced or unmasked by provocative maneuvers such as supine position or head shaking; (2) recognition of the differences in behavior and treatment responsivity of acquired pendular nystagmus in demyelinating disease versus oculopalatal myoclonus; (3) recognition that oculopalatal myoclonus results from a dual mechanism of abnormal inferior olivary gap junction connection formation and maladaptive cerebellar learning; and (4) well-controlled clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacologic interventions, such as memantine for acquired pendular nystagmus and 4-aminopyridine for downbeat nystagmus. " 11/01/2021 - "Examples of drug treatment are the use of 4-aminopyridine for downbeat and upbeat nystagmus, memantine or gabapentin for pendular fixation nystagmus, or baclofen for periodic alternating nystagmus. " 02/01/2015 - "PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT: Depending on the pathophysiology of different types of nystagmus, several drugs were effective in clinical application (off-label use): (i) gabapentin (non-selective GABAergic and anti-glutamatergic effect): up to 2400 mg/d in infantile nystagmus, acquired pendular nystagmus and oculopalatal tremor, (ii) nemantine (anti-glutamatergic effect): dosage up to 40 mg/d in infantile nystagmus, also in acquired pendular nystagmus and oculopalatal tremor, (iii) baclofen (GABA-B-receptor agonist): 3 × 5-10 mg/d in periodic alternating nystagmus and in upbeat nystagmus, (iv) 4-aminopyridine (non-selective blocker of voltage-gated potassium channels): 3 × 5 mg/d or 1-2 × 10 mg Fampridin in downbeat nystagmus and upbeat nystagmus, (v) acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor): in hereditary episodic ataxia type 2. OPTICAL DEVICES: (i) Contact lenses are used in infantile nystagmus in order to overcome negative effects of eye glasses in abnormal head posture, lateral gaze, and higher refractive errors, (ii) spectacle prisms are useful to induce an artificial exophoria (base-out prisms) or to shift an excentric null zone (base in direction of head posture) of infantile nystagmus with abnormal head posture, (iii) low vision aids may be necessary and should be prescribed according to magnification requirements."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Tablets
2.	4-Aminopyridine (4 Aminopyridine)
3.	Potassium Channel Blockers (Blockers, Potassium Channel)
4.	Pentylenetetrazole (Metrazol)
5.	N-Methylaspartate (NMDA)
6.	Kainic Acid (Kainate)
7.	Potassium Channels (Potassium Channel)
8.	Pilocarpine (Ocusert)
9.	Memantine (Namenda)
10.	Gabapentin (Neurontin)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Intravenous Infusions
2.	Off-Label Use
3.	Optical Devices
4.	Physical Therapy Modalities (Physical Therapy Technique)
5.	Contact Lenses