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4-Aminopyridine (4 Aminopyridine)

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One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, with secondary effect on calcium currents, which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes.

Also Known As:

4 Aminopyridine; 4-Aminopyridine Sustained Release; Fampridine-SR; Pymadine; VMI-103; 4 Aminopyridine Sustained Release; Fampridine SR; Sustained Release, 4-Aminopyridine; VMI 103; VMI103; 4-Pyridinamine

Networked: 495 relevant articles (36 outcomes, 67 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Mihály, András: 10 articles (05/2015 - 02/2003)
2.	Krisztin-Péva, Beáta: 8 articles (01/2015 - 02/2003)
3.	Rothman, Steven M: 8 articles (01/2012 - 03/2002)
4.	Avoli, Massimo: 7 articles (06/2015 - 12/2007)
5.	Yang, Xiao-Feng: 7 articles (01/2010 - 03/2002)
6.	Heinemann, Uwe: 6 articles (08/2014 - 10/2009)
7.	Tapia, Ricardo: 6 articles (07/2014 - 10/2003)
8.	Strupp, Michael: 5 articles (04/2015 - 09/2011)
9.	Blight, Andrew R: 5 articles (11/2014 - 07/2003)
10.	Medina-Ceja, Laura: 5 articles (07/2012 - 01/2008)

Related Diseases

1.	Multiple Sclerosis 08/01/2009 - "To review the present understanding of multiple sclerosis, the proposed mechanism of action of Fampridine-SR in patients, the published data regarding its efficacy and safety in human clinical trials, and to discuss its potential clinical uses in MS. Fampridine-SR 10 mg twice a day has been shown to be safe and effective in improving the ambulation of patients with walking disability due to MS. It will probably find clinical application beyond this specific indication in a significant proportion of patients." 06/01/1994 - "Because 4-aminopyridine (AP) improves residual deficits in some multiple sclerosis (MS) patients but has a narrow toxic-to-therapeutic margin, we compared the safety and efficacy of two target peak serum concentration ranges (low: 30 to 59 ng/ml and high: 60 to 100 ng/ml). " 01/01/2014 - "Dalfampridine (extended release 4-aminopyridine) is shown in three recent randomised controlled trials to improve walking speed in people with multiple sclerosis; however, the trial literature makes it clear that dalfampridine is effective in only a subset of patients. " 06/01/1993 - "4-Aminopyridine induces functional improvement in multiple sclerosis patients: a neurophysiological study." 06/01/1993 - "In a recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, we demonstrated efficacy of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in improving disability of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). "
2.	Seizures (Seizure) 01/01/1998 - "4-Aminopyridine improved mean arterial pressure and heart rate in a dose-dependent fashion; however, the higher infusion rate (2 mg/kg/h) necessary to improve mean arterial pressure and heart rate resulted in convulsions and excessive secretions. " 11/01/2014 - "Use of 4-aminopyridine was associated with improved hemodynamic parameters and survival in animal studies, at the risk of seizures. " 01/01/2013 - "Antiaris further delayed the onset of seizures in 4-aminopyridine model while producing 75% protection against death in mice. " 09/01/2009 - "Repeated 4-aminopyridine induced seizures diminish the efficacy of glutamatergic transmission in the neocortex." 11/24/2004 - "In the present study, we examined whether repeated 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced seizures modify the regional parvalbumin contents in the rat brain. "
3.	Spinal Cord Injuries (Spinal Cord Injury) 03/01/1997 - "The sensitivity of injured axons to 1 microM 4-aminopyridine is consistent with the hypothesis that some beneficial effects of the drug seen in patients with spinal cord injury are related to improved conduction in myelinated axons, since cerebrospinal fluid levels of 4-aminopyridine should approach this concentration following clinical systemic doses, although it remains likely that synaptic effects also play a role. " 05/01/1997 - "To test the hypothesis that 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) might cause clinically evident improvement in pulmonary function in humans with chronic spinal cord injury (chronic SCI). " 06/01/1999 - "Safety and efficacy of 4-aminopyridine in humans with spinal cord injury: a long-term, controlled trial." 08/01/2001 - "To test the efficacy of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on functional status, walking speed and vibration perception in patients with chronic, incomplete spinal cord injury. " 01/01/2014 - "Two phase 3, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of fampridine-SR for treatment of spasticity in chronic spinal cord injury."
4.	Alzheimer Disease (Alzheimer's Disease) 03/01/1988 - "The cognitive and behavioral effect of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) was examined in Alzheimer's disease (AD) using a dose finding/replication study design. " 11/21/1992 - "4-Aminopyridine, a similarly related compound, partially reverses short-term memory deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease. " 03/01/1988 - "4-Aminopyridine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease." 04/12/1984 - "Effects of 4-aminopyridine in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease." 10/28/1991 - "The effects of acute treatment with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine (THA), a 4-aminopyridine derivative clinically effective in Alzheimer's disease, on beta-adrenoceptor-linked cyclic AMP accumulation have been investigated in cortical and hippocampal structures of young and middle-aged rats. "
5.	Pathologic Nystagmus 02/01/2011 - "Controlled studies found gabapentin and memantine to be effective in acquired pendular nystagmus and early-onset idiopathic nystagmus, and an efficacy of 4-aminopyridine in downbeat nystagmus." 02/01/2015 - "PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT: Depending on the pathophysiology of different types of nystagmus, several drugs were effective in clinical application (off-label use): (i) gabapentin (non-selective GABAergic and anti-glutamatergic effect): up to 2400 mg/d in infantile nystagmus, acquired pendular nystagmus and oculopalatal tremor, (ii) nemantine (anti-glutamatergic effect): dosage up to 40 mg/d in infantile nystagmus, also in acquired pendular nystagmus and oculopalatal tremor, (iii) baclofen (GABA-B-receptor agonist): 3 × 5-10 mg/d in periodic alternating nystagmus and in upbeat nystagmus, (iv) 4-aminopyridine (non-selective blocker of voltage-gated potassium channels): 3 × 5 mg/d or 1-2 × 10 mg Fampridin in downbeat nystagmus and upbeat nystagmus, (v) acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor): in hereditary episodic ataxia type 2. OPTICAL DEVICES: (i) Contact lenses are used in infantile nystagmus in order to overcome negative effects of eye glasses in abnormal head posture, lateral gaze, and higher refractive errors, (ii) spectacle prisms are useful to induce an artificial exophoria (base-out prisms) or to shift an excentric null zone (base in direction of head posture) of infantile nystagmus with abnormal head posture, (iii) low vision aids may be necessary and should be prescribed according to magnification requirements."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	N-Methylaspartate (NMDA)
2.	Kainic Acid (Kainate)
3.	Potassium Channels (Potassium Channel)
4.	Pentylenetetrazole (Metrazol)
5.	gabapentin (Neurontin)
6.	alpha- Amino- 3- hydroxy- 5- methyl- 4- isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA)
7.	Episodic ataxia with nystagmus
8.	Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels (Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel)
9.	Verapamil (Calan)
10.	Pilocarpine (Ocusert)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Intravenous Infusions
2.	Off-Label Use
3.	Optical Devices
4.	Contact Lenses
5.	Oral Administration