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Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

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Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.

Also Known As:

Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Osteoporosis, Post-Menopausal; Bone Losses, Perimenopausal; Bone Losses, Postmenopausal; Osteoporoses, Post-Menopausal; Osteoporoses, Postmenopausal; Osteoporosis, Post Menopausal; Perimenopausal Bone Losses; Post-Menopausal Osteoporoses; Post-Menopausal Osteoporosis; Postmenopausal Bone Losses; Postmenopausal Osteoporoses; Bone Loss, Perimenopausal; Bone Loss, Postmenopausal; Perimenopausal Bone Loss; Postmenopausal Bone Loss

Networked: 2746 relevant articles (295 outcomes, 545 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Musculoskeletal Diseases: 179
- Bone Diseases: 3566
  - Metabolic Bone Diseases: 3238
    - Osteoporosis: 18925
      - Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: 2746

Related Diseases

1.	Osteoporosis
2.	Bone Resorption
3.	Metabolic Bone Diseases (Osteopenia)
4.	Hip Fractures (Intertrochanteric Fractures)
5.	Hypercalcemia (Milk Alkali Syndrome)

Experts

1.	Lewiecki, E Michael: 29 articles (10/2014 - 06/2005)
2.	Reginster, Jean-Yves: 29 articles (06/2014 - 01/2004)
3.	Delmas, Pierre D: 23 articles (01/2013 - 03/2003)
4.	Miller, Paul D: 21 articles (10/2014 - 12/2003)
5.	Delmas, P D: 20 articles (11/2009 - 01/2000)
6.	Boonen, Steven: 19 articles (02/2014 - 06/2006)
7.	Christiansen, C: 19 articles (08/2008 - 09/2000)
8.	Eastell, Richard: 18 articles (03/2014 - 01/2006)
9.	Adami, S: 16 articles (12/2015 - 05/2000)
10.	Reginster, J Y: 16 articles (12/2015 - 01/2001)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Postmenopausal Osteoporosis:

1.	DiphosphonatesIBA 01/01/2006 - "Bisphosphonates have been shown to be highly effective in preventing and treating postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) and the associated risk of fracture. " 10/01/2005 - "Bisphosphonates, with their proven efficacy and safety, are the most commonly prescribed treatment for women with postmenopausal osteoporosis; however, optimal efficacy is often not achieved due to poor patient adherence to medication. " 06/01/2003 - "Bisphosphonates are highly effective in postmenopausal osteoporosis. " 01/01/2006 - "Oral bisphosphonates have proven efficacy in postmenopausal osteoporosis in clinical trials, but in practice the therapeutic benefits are often compromised by patients' low adherence. " 01/01/2009 - "Oral bisphosphonates are of proven efficacy in preventing fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. "
2.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 06/15/2001 - "Estrogens have been convincingly shown to be highly effective in preventing and reversing menopause-related conditions, such as hot flushes, urogenital complaints, and postmenopausal bone loss. " 06/15/2004 - "Pulsed estrogen therapy was as effective in normalizing bone turnover and preventing postmenopausal bone loss as a reservoir patch." 10/01/2002 - "Estrogen therapy has been shown to be effective in preventing postmenopausal bone loss and maintaining bone mineral density. " 01/01/2001 - "Estrogen has traditionally been the only agent effective for the prevention and treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis. " 07/01/1999 - "Estrogen proves effective in preventing early postmenopausal bone loss by markedly inhibiting bone turnover. "
3.	ibandronic acid (Boniva)FDA Link 04/01/2008 - "This meticulous methodology provided a highly effective means of identifying vertebral fractures and recruiting the trial population in which to assess the efficacy of ibandronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis." 01/01/2005 - "These simple ibandronate regimens are expected to provide the optimal combination of efficacy, tolerability and patient convenience, leading to improved treatment adherence and thus, enhanced outcomes in postmenopausal osteoporosis." 08/01/2008 - "In conclusion, 150-mg monthly oral ibandronate is an effective and well-tolerated long-term treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis, with consistent improvement in BMD and bone turnover during 3 years' continuous treatment." 04/01/2006 - "Once-monthly ibandronate is an effective and well-tolerated treatment option for postmenopausal osteoporosis." 04/01/2006 - "Once-monthly ibandronate is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. "
4.	Alendronate (Alendronate Sodium)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2004 - "Alendronate has been proven to be effective in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with the recommended daily dose of 10 mg. However, a constraining requirement for dosing limited its general acceptance in treatment. " 12/01/1995 - "The authors observe a significant reduction in value of the Nordin's Index (a sensible test for the screening of the "fast-losers" patients) in 10 women with post-menopausal osteoporosis after therapy with alendronate 5 mg daily per os for six months. " 12/21/1999 - "A residual effect was seen 2 years after alendronate therapy was stopped; however, continuous alendronate treatment was more effective in preventing postmenopausal bone loss than 2 years of alendronate followed by 2 years of placebo." 01/01/2002 - "Alendronate (10 mg daily) has been shown in long term clinical trials to be an effective treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. " 06/01/2002 - "Alendronate (Chinese national product) is effective in reducing bone turnover and promoting bone mass of postmenopausal osteoporosis."
5.	strontium ranelate (protelos)IBA 03/01/2012 - "Strontium ranelate has proven efficacy against vertebral and nonvertebral fractures, including hip, over 5 years in postmenopausal osteoporosis. " 12/01/2009 - "Strontium ranelate 2 g/day has proven efficacy against vertebral and nonvertebral fracture over 5 years in postmenopausal osteoporosis, though many women require longer-term treatment. " 09/01/2010 - "Overall, the clinical data available suggest that strontium ranelate is an effective and generally well tolerated option for the first-line treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis." 04/16/2010 - "Overall, the clinical data available suggest that strontium ranelate is an effective and generally well tolerated option for the first-line treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis." 02/01/2006 - "The antifracture efficacy of strontium ranelate, 2 g per day orally, in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis has been investigated in a large-scale, international, multicenter, phase 3 program in which more than 7000 patients were recruited. "
6.	risedronic acid (risedronate)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2015 - "Oral risedronate is effective in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis when administered daily, weekly, or monthly. " 01/01/2013 - "Risedronate is effective in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in oral daily, weekly, or on two consecutive days per month doses. " 01/01/2009 - "Risedronate, an orally administered pyridinal bisphosphonate, is effective in the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. " 01/01/2008 - "Risedronate has been shown to be effective in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis when given orally in daily or weekly doses or on 2 consecutive days per month. " 01/01/2003 - "Based on this analysis, risedronate is a cost-effective treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis within the German health care system, offering benefits for osteoporotic patients and for budget decision-makers."
7.	denosumab FDA Link 01/01/2012 - "Denosumab treatment is associated with a rapid, sustained, and reversible reduction in bone turnover markers, a continuous marked increase in bone mineral density at all sites, and a marked decrease in the risk of vertebral, hip, and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. " 07/01/2014 - "In several international, phase III trials (≤3 years' duration) involving more than 12,000 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis or low bone mineral density (BMD), including Asian studies, denosumab was an effective and generally well tolerated treatment. " 09/01/2013 - "Denosumab, an anti receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, recently approved as a drug for postmenopausal osteoporosis was also effective for GIOP in clinical trials, and would be new candidate to treat GIOP. " 01/01/2011 - "Denosumab, an anti receptor activator of nuclear factor-β ligand approved as a drug for postmenopausal osteoporosis was also effective for GIOP in clinical trials." 02/01/2009 - "In studies conducted so far, denosumab is an efficacious and well-tolerated treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. "
8.	CalciumIBA 09/01/1988 - "These results support the concept that calcium supplementation is useful in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis." 06/01/1985 - "These results support the concept that calcium supplementation is useful in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis." 06/01/1984 - "These results support the concept that calcium supplementation is useful in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis." 08/01/2015 - "This study describes calcium use and persistence in a postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment cohort. " 02/01/2006 - "Our study is the first to report that FLL can modulate bone turnover and calcium balance in OVX rats and it might be a potential candidate for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis."
9.	Teriparatide (Parathar)FDA Link 04/01/2012 - "Anabolic treatment with teriparatide has proven effective for the therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis and significantly reduces the risk of non-vertebral fragility fractures. " 01/01/2013 - "EFOS is the first longitudinal study in women with severe postmenopausal osteoporosis in the real world setting to show a substantial improvement in HRQoL during teriparatide treatment that was sustained during subsequent treatment with other medications. " 02/01/2012 - "All trials aimed to evaluate the efficacy of daily subcutaneous teriparatide injection in postmenopausal osteoporosis. " 02/01/2012 - "To determine the efficacy of teriparatide supplementation for improving bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis and if effects vary with factors. " 01/01/2012 - "The cost effectiveness of teriparatide as a first-line treatment for glucocorticoid-induced and postmenopausal osteoporosis patients in Sweden."
10.	Raloxifene (Evista)FDA Link 03/01/2010 - "Raloxifene shows the significant improvement of the index of resistance to bending forces (section modulus) in Japanese patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. " 01/01/2000 - "Raloxifene is effective in preventing bone loss and may prevent fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. " 01/01/2010 - "Long-term safety and efficacy of raloxifene in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: an update." 11/01/2012 - "This prospective, postmarketing observational study was conducted at 60 Japanese hospitals from September 2007 to February 2009 and included Japanese women with postmenopausal osteoporosis who were new to standard treatment with raloxifene (60 mg/day). " 11/01/2012 - "Quality of life in raloxifene-treated Japanese women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a prospective, postmarketing observational study."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Hormone Replacement Therapy (Therapy, Hormone Replacement) 02/01/2001 - "Hormone replacement therapy is effective for postmenopausal osteoporosis, but in Japan patient acceptance of HRT is still low, and thus gynecologists are required of more effort to get an informed consent of HRT from the patient. " 06/01/2003 - "The menopause has a large effect on bone density, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been shown to be an effective treatment for preventing postmenopausal bone loss. " 07/01/2002 - "Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been shown to be effective prevention of postmenopausal bone loss. " 05/01/2000 - "It provides a safe and effective therapeutic option for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women who are unwilling or unable to tolerate hormone replacement therapy." 09/01/2002 - "Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is recognized as a gold standard for postmenopausal osteoporosis. "
2.	Estrogen Replacement Therapy 06/01/1997 - "Replacement estrogen therapy is of proven efficacy for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal bone loss. " 06/01/1991 - "Estrogen replacement therapy is effective in the prophylaxis of postmenopausal osteoporosis, and is the only therapy with well-proven antifracture efficacy. " 01/01/2001 - "Although estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has been established as an effective treatment for postmenopausal bone loss, the clinical features which predict the effects of ERT have not been well investigated in Japanese postmenopausal women. " 02/01/1995 - "Estrogen replacement therapy is effective in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis, and a direct action of 17-beta-estradiol (17 beta E2) on osteoblastic and osteoclastic cells has been demonstrated. " 04/01/1996 - "Estrogen replacement is known to manifest bone protective effects in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. "
3.	Injections 12/01/2013 - "Intranasal and injectable SCT are FDA-approved for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. " 10/01/2012 - "PTH therapy improves bone mineral density (BMD) and decreases fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis, but cost and the burden of daily injections limit its use. " 03/01/2012 - "Both injectable and nasal spray calcitonins have been utilized in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis for over 25 years. " 05/01/2008 - "Single annual injectable treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis." 09/01/2014 - "Teriparatide injections beginning at least 1 month prior to surgery were effective in increasing the insertional torque of pedicle screws during surgery in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. "
4.	Transplants (Transplant) 09/01/2005 - "In conclusion, improvement in bone turnover, increase in BMD, and reduction in fracture rates have been described during alfacalcidol treatment in situations characterized by a high rate of bone loss, including CS-induced osteoporosis, early postmenopausal bone loss, and organ transplant. " 11/01/1997 - "The newer pharmacologic agents, nasal spray calcitonin and alendronate, have shown promising results in postmenopausal osteoporosis, and their ease of administration and low incidence of side effects make them ideal for renal transplant patients."
5.	Exercise Therapy (Therapy, Exercise) 09/01/2008 - "Whilst exercise is recommended for optimum bone health in adult women, there are few systematic reviews of the efficacy of walking as singular exercise therapy for postmenopausal bone loss. " 05/01/2012 - "Icariin associated with exercise therapy is an effective treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis."