Retinal Artery Occlusion

Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.

Also Known As:

Networked: 849 relevant articles (34 outcomes, 69 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Atrophy
2.	Papilledema
3.	Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy)
4.	Glaucoma
5.	Ischemia

Experts

1.	Spitzer, Martin S: 8 articles (11/2021 - 01/2018)
2.	Poli, Sven: 7 articles (11/2021 - 01/2018)
3.	Schultheiss, Maximilian: 7 articles (11/2021 - 01/2018)
4.	Woo, Se Joon: 7 articles (04/2019 - 10/2012)
5.	Chhablani, Jay: 6 articles (07/2022 - 10/2018)
6.	Feltgen, Nicolas: 6 articles (11/2021 - 07/2010)
7.	Park, Kyu Hyung: 6 articles (04/2019 - 10/2012)
8.	Venkatesh, Ramesh: 5 articles (07/2022 - 12/2020)
9.	Yadav, Naresh Kumar: 5 articles (07/2022 - 12/2020)
10.	Newman, Nancy J: 5 articles (01/2021 - 10/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Retinal Artery Occlusion:

1.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 01/01/2016 - "The patient experienced a rapid unexpected improvement in vision and preservation of retinal structure, suggesting that marked improvement in retinal artery occlusions outcomes may be possible as late as 24 hours postocclusion. " 01/01/2002 - "In conclusion, PXF treatment improved retinal flow after retinal artery occlusion better than placebo and should be considered as an important option in this condition." 08/01/2021 - "Studies demonstrating retinopathy, in the form of crystalline retinopathy, hemicentral retinal artery occlusion, and retinal haemorrhages, are also noted. " 01/01/2018 - "Longitudinal Changes of Retinal Thicknesses in Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion: Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Study." 10/01/2017 - "Retinal Changes in Different Grades of Retinal Artery Occlusion: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study."
2.	Tissue Plasminogen Activator (Alteplase)FDA Link 02/01/2011 - "Study of the efficacy of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in central retinal artery occlusion." 08/01/2011 - "Efficacy of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator in central retinal artery occlusion: report from a randomized, controlled trial." 01/01/2020 - "This study showed that the administration of intravenous alteplase within 4.5 hours of symptom onset is associated with a higher likelihood of a favorable visual outcome for acute central retinal artery occlusion. " 01/01/2023 - "Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion Treated With Intraarterial Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Within 4 Hours." 12/01/2022 - "We describe a 42-year-old African- American man with SCD (HbSS) who presented with an acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) within an hour of onset and subsequently received IV thrombolysis with alteplase. "
3.	Alprostadil (Muse)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2019 - "To evaluate the efficacy of systemic prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) infusion within the first 24 hours of acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). " 04/30/2013 - "To report the efficacy of systemic prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) monotherapy for treating acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). " 01/01/2022 - "This study aimed to investigate the anatomical and functional changes in patients with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) (n=21) treated with 10 µg/day intravenous liposomal prostaglandin E1 (lipo-PGE1). " 01/01/2022 - "Intravenous lipo-prostaglandin E1 administration for patients with acute central retinal artery occlusion." 01/01/2019 - "Intravenous Prostaglandin E1 Infusion for Acute Central Retinal Artery Occlusion."
4.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 06/01/1997 - "Bilateral central retinal artery occlusion, negative temporal artery biopsy and relentless nature course were noted despite treatment with a high dose of corticosteroid in one case. " 01/01/1992 - "The potential advantages and theoretical basis of early and aggressive treatment with large-dose intravenous corticosteroids in arteritic central retinal artery occlusion are discussed." 05/01/2012 - "To describe a corticosteroid injection technique for eyelid capillary hemangiomas that minimizes the risk of a central retinal artery occlusion and is based on anatomic, physiologic, and pharmacologic rationales. " 01/05/2009 - "This case highlights that inflammatory causes of central retinal artery occlusion other than giant cell arteritis should also be considered as a possibility to spare unnecessary use of excessive systemic corticosteroids." 12/01/1995 - "Ocular and systemic complications such as eyelid necrosis, central retinal artery occlusion, and adrenal suppression have been reported rarely after corticosteroid injection. "
5.	Oxygen (Dioxygen)IBA 09/30/2023 - "This study analysed the treatment outcomes of patients that received hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) for retinal artery occlusion (RAO) at the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital in Brisbane, Australia between 2015 and 2021. " 10/01/1996 - "Hence mixtures of 6 or 7% CO2 with oxygen should be used for further studies in patients with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)." 09/30/2023 - "Outcomes of hyperbaric oxygen treatment for central and branch retinal artery occlusion at a major Australian referral hospital." 01/01/2022 - "Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for non-arteritic central retinal artery occlusion retrospective comparative analysis from two tertiary medical centres." 01/01/2020 - "Hyperbaric oxygen treatment results in a group of Turkish central retinal artery occlusion patients with a combined presence of thrombophilic mutations."
6.	Hyaluronic Acid (Hyaluronan)IBA 07/01/2023 - "Central retinal artery occlusion following facial injection of hyaluronic acid." 01/01/2021 - "Superselective ophthalmic artery intervention could accurately and successfully establish the animal models of retinal artery occlusion induced by hyaluronic acid. " 01/01/2019 - "To simulate a central retinal artery occlusion, this experimental nerve and additional controls were injected with hyaluronic acid gel. " 01/01/2019 - "A volume of 0.7 to 1.6 ml of hyaluronic acid filler was injected into the internal carotid artery to create a retinal artery occlusion. " 01/01/2018 - "Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Following Hyaluronic Acid Fillers Injection."
7.	Hyaluronoglucosaminidase (Hyaluronidase)FDA Link 09/01/2019 - "A Cadaveric Study Using Hyaluronidase for Retinal Artery Occlusion." 01/01/2019 - "Another optic nerve was randomly selected to simulate the filler-induced central retinal artery occlusion with subsequent retrobulbar hyaluronidase injection. " 12/13/2017 - "One or two retrobulbar injections of 1500 to 3000 IU hyaluronidase are unable to recanalize retinal artery occlusion or improve the visual outcome of patients who presented with vision loss caused by HA filler embolization at least four hours after onset. " 12/13/2017 - "One patient with branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO), one patient with posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION), one patient with ophthalmic artery occlusion, and one patient with both BRAO and PION were treated with one or two retrobulbar injections of 1500 or 3000 units hyaluronidase. " 01/01/2021 - "Superselective Arterial Hyaluronidase Thrombolysis Is Not an Effective Treatment for Hyaluronic Acid-Induced Retinal Artery Occlusion: Study in a Rabbit Model."
8.	Glutamic Acid (Glutamate)FDA Link 04/01/2006 - "Glutamate levels in aqueous humor of patients with retinal artery occlusion." 06/05/2015 - "P2X7 receptor antagonists may be effective in preventing retinal diseases caused by glutamate excitotoxicity, such as glaucoma and retinal artery occlusion." 04/01/2005 - "Vitreous and retinal amino-acid concentrations were evaluated in a primate model of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) to study the role of glutamate excitotoxicity in acute retinal ischaemia. " 04/01/2006 - "We analyzed the levels of glutamate and other amino acids in aqueous humor of patients with retinal artery occlusion (RAO) to determine whether glutamate is associated with retinal ischemia in RAO. "
9.	TESIBA 06/01/2013 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) in patients suffering from retinal artery occlusion (RAO). " 01/01/2011 - "To investigate the effects of transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) on eyes that have a branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO). " 12/01/2007 - "To report the outcome of transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) of the visual system on long-standing retinal artery occlusion (RAO). "
10.	InterleukinsIBA 11/15/2021 - "We herein report a rare case of EGPA presenting with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in which visual loss developed during treatment with anti-interleukin (IL)-5 receptor monoclonal antibody, and improvement in visual outcomes was attained after treatment combining high-dose oral corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide and an anticoagulant. " 10/01/2021 - "Abbreviations: NVG = neovascular glaucoma, ICA = iridocorneal angle, IOP = intraocular pressure, TM = trabecular meshwork, AH = aqueous humor, AC = anterior chamber, PRP = panretinal photocoagulation, VEGF = vascular endothelial growing factor, Anti-VEGF = anti- vascular endothelial growing factor, PAS = peripheral anterior synechiae, CRVO = central retinal vein occlusion, PDR = proliferative diabetic retinopathy, DR = diabetic retinopathy, OIS = ocular ischemic syndrome, CRAO = central retinal artery occlusion, ROP = retinopathy of prematurity, FEVR = familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, PVR = proliferative vitreoretinopathy, MMPs = matrix metalloproteinases, VEGFR = vascular endothelial growing factor receptor, PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor, PIGF = placental growth factor, NRP = neuropilins, HIF = hypoxia-inducible factor, SDF1 = stromal cell-derived factor 1, DDL4 = delta like ligand 4, NICD = Notch intracellular domain, TIMMPs = tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, ANGPT = angiopoietin, Tie 2 = tyrosine-protein kinase receptor for angiopoietins, IGF-1 = insulin-like growth factor 1, RPE = retinal pigment epithelium, IL = interleukin, TNF = tumor necrosis factor, bFGF = basic fibroblast growth factor, TGF = transforming growth factor, HGF = hepatocyte growth factor, TNFR 2 = tumor necrosis factor receptor 2, OIR = oxygen induced retinopathy, NVI = neovascularization of the iris, NVA = neovascularization of the iridocorneal angle, FA = fluorescein angiography, RAPD = relative afferent pupillary defect, CNP = capillary non-perfusion, NVE = neovascularization elsewhere in the retina, NVD = neovascularization of the optic disc, FFA = fundus fluorescein angiography, OCTA = optical coherence tomography angiography, B-scan US = B-scan ocular ultrasound, AS-OCT = anterior segment optical coherence tomography, ARC = anterior retinal cryotherapy, FDA = food and drug administration, United States of America, BVZ = bevacizumab, RBZ = ranibizumab, AFB = aflibercept, AMD/ ARMD = age related macular degeneration, DME = diabetic macular edema, GDDs = glaucoma drainage devices, MMC = mitomycin C, 5-FU = 5-fluorouracil, AGV = Ahmed glaucoma valve, AADI = Aurolab aqueous drainage implant, MIGS = minimally invasive glaucoma surgery, BCVA = best corrected visual acuity, TVT = Tube versus Trabeculectomy study, MPC = micro-pulse cyclophotocoagulation."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 11/01/2005 - "Our findings reveal a limited benefit for intra-arterial tPA compared to the rate of spontaneous improvement and conventional forms of therapy for retinal artery occlusion." 03/10/2014 - "The goal of this study was to investigate the visual outcome of acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) after current standard therapy with and without paracentesis. " 10/01/2003 - "Evaluation of minimally invasive therapies and rationale for a prospective randomized trial to evaluate selective intra-arterial lysis for clinically complete central retinal artery occlusion." 02/01/2023 - "There is no evidence-based therapy for non-arteritic central retinal artery occlusion (NA-CRAO). " 11/01/2021 - "This retrospective case series supports the use of emergent HBO therapy as a viable treatment option for patients with central retinal artery occlusion. "
2.	Hyperbaric Oxygenation 11/17/2014 - "The result of our case suggests that hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be beneficial in the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion." 05/12/2017 - "The efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion." 09/01/2013 - "Efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a young woman with idiopathic branch retinal artery occlusion." 03/01/2021 - "This study assesses the long-term outcomes, including neovascular complications, of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) treated acutely with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). " 01/01/2022 - "To compare the visual outcome of patients treated for non-arthritic central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in a medical centre that uses hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) as part of the standard of care (SOC) to medical centres that does not. "
3.	Solid-State Lasers 01/01/2013 - "Nd-YAG laser may be beneficial in selected cases of retinal artery occlusion by enhancing the restoration of blood flow in the retinal vessels." 01/01/2021 - "Nd: YAG laser embolysis is more effective in management of fovea threatening retinal artery occlusion, as compared to conventional medical treatment, if performed within six hours of onset of symptoms." 01/01/2021 - "Efficacy of YAG Laser Embolysis in Retinal Artery Occlusion." 04/01/2006 - "In this study, the clinical effect of the Nd: YAG laser embolysis on branch retinal artery occlusion was evaluated. " 03/11/2022 - "Transluminal Nd: YAG laser embolysis for branch retinal artery occlusion: Case report."
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 12/01/2018 - "One patient developed macula-sparing branch retinal artery occlusion after treatment. " 10/01/2012 - "One patient developed a central retinal artery occlusion in the untreated eye 10 years after treatment. " 05/01/2017 - "Diabetic retinopathy remained stable in all eyes after treatment, and the visual prognosis was good, except in one eye that had macular branch retinal artery occlusion with foveal involvement. " 06/01/1976 - "The central retinal artery occlusion occurred immediately after treatment of the glaucoma with osmotic agents, raising the possibility that they played a precipitating role. " 09/01/2011 - "Retinal artery occlusion: visual outcome after treatment with hyperbaric oxygen."
5.	Conservative Treatment 09/01/2010 - "The results of conservative treatment for central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) vary considerably and although local intraarterial fibrinolysis (LIF) is a promising treatment, outcomes have not been compared in randomized trials. " 07/01/2010 - "Central retinal artery occlusion: local intra-arterial fibrinolysis versus conservative treatment, a multicenter randomized trial." 10/01/2006 - "In the prospective, randomised and multicenter EAGLE study, the therapeutic efficiency of local intra-arterial fibrinolysis (LIF) versus conservative treatment is being tested in patients with an acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). " 10/01/2022 - "[On conservative treatment of central retinal artery occlusion]." 01/01/2021 - "Conservative treatments for acute nonarteritic central retinal artery occlusion: Do they work?"