Xerophthalmia

Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.

Also Known As:

Networked: 242 relevant articles (15 outcomes, 20 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Xerostomia
2.	Sjogren's Syndrome (Sjogren Syndrome)
3.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
4.	Vitamin A Deficiency
5.	Night Blindness (Nyctalopia)

Experts

1.	Semba, Richard D: 3 articles (01/2012 - 03/2004)
2.	Mao, Chi: 3 articles (03/2006 - 02/2002)
3.	Shao, Yi: 2 articles (03/2015 - 10/2012)
4.	Pei, Chong-gang: 2 articles (03/2015 - 10/2012)
5.	Yu, Yao: 2 articles (03/2015 - 10/2012)
6.	Cavazzana, I: 2 articles (06/2014 - 07/2001)
7.	Franceschini, F: 2 articles (06/2014 - 07/2001)
8.	Quinzanini, M: 2 articles (06/2014 - 07/2001)
9.	Shen, Long: 2 articles (05/2014 - 12/2012)
10.	Suresh, Lakshmanan: 2 articles (05/2014 - 12/2012)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Xerophthalmia:

1.	Vitamin A (Retinol)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2007 - "It is concluded that mass supplementation of vitamin A led to significant reduction in xerophthalmia and decline in mortality in the intervention area as compared to control area." 01/01/1994 - "During infancy breast milk from malnourished mothers is protective against the development of xerophthalmia; it needs to be complemented after six months by other dietary sources of vitamin A to provide full health protection. " 10/01/2011 - "In a descriptive case series study of 57 children, one clinical case of xerophthalmia was diagnosed: 44.0% had levels of serum retinol <20 µg/dL and 88.0% had Hb <11 g/dL, of whom 30.0% had haemoglobin levels below 7.0 g/dL." 10/01/2004 - "Literature search of published, unpublished and website-based population survey and study reports, with country-specific imputation of prevalence rates and numbers of children affected by: (1) VA deficiency based on measured or imputed distributions of serum retinol concentration < 0.70 micromol/l (equivalent to < 20 microg/dl) and (2) xerophthalmia, by country. " 12/01/1993 - "The study recommends the universal distribution of vitamin A to children in high-prevalence regions, rather than the current practice of providing vitamin A supplements to moderately and severely underweight children identified through the annual village-based child weighing sessions, to ensure reaching children most at risk for xerophthalmia. "
2.	Tretinoin (Retinoic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1987 - "Treatment of corneal xerophthalmia in rabbits with micromolar doses of topical retinoic acid." 10/01/1985 - "Retinoic acid ointment may prove to be valuable clinically in the treatment of xerophthalmia, corneal epithelial erosions, and related ocular surface abnormalities." 03/01/1983 - "Treatment of corneal xerophthalmia with topical retinoic acid." 11/01/1978 - "Topical retinoic acid in the treatment of corneal xerophthalmia." 09/01/1977 - "Effects of locally applied retinoic acid on corneal xerophthalmia in the rat."
3.	cevimeline (Evoxac)FDA Link 04/01/2008 - "Cevimeline hydrochloride, a specific agonist of the M3 muscarinic receptor, is beneficial in the treatment of symptoms of xerostomia and xerophthalmia associated with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). " 11/01/1998 - "We investigated effects of (+/-)-cis-2-methylspiro[1,3-oxathiolane-5,3'-quinuclidine] hydrochloride, hemihydrate (SNI-2011, cevimeline hydrochloride), a rigid analogue of acetylcholine, on saliva and tear secretions in rats and mice to evaluate its therapeutical efficacy for xerostomia and xerophthalmia in patients with Sjogren's syndrome and X-ray exposure in the head and neck. "
4.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 12/01/2002 - "Anti-Th/To autoantibodies were associated with SSc, primary RP and SLE and were found predominantly in patients suffering from decreased co-diffusion and oesophagus motility and xerophthalmia. " 04/01/1993 - "It appears xerophthalmia and anaemia co-exist and vitamin A supplementation helps in curbing these conditions among 1-6-year-old children." 08/01/1993 - "Prevalence of xerophthalmia and efficacy of vitamin A prophylaxis in preventing xerophthalmia co-existing with malnutrition in rural Indian children." 08/01/1993 - "Data of 4302 children, 0-6 years old were analysed to study the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency and the efficacy of vitamin A prophylaxis in preventing xerophthalmia co-existing with malnutrition. "
5.	SS-B antibodiesIBA 01/01/2008 - "He was diagnosed as having Sjogren's syndrome, based on xerophthalmia, xerostomia, positive results for anti-Sjogren's syndrome (anti-SS-A/SS-B) antibodies, the Schirmer test and biopsy findings in the minor salivary glands. " 05/01/2008 - "A total of 1008 atomic bomb survivors in Nagasaki agreed to undergo the tests comprising a questionnaire for xerophthalmia and xerostomia, Schirmer-I test, Saxon test, and tests of anti-SS-A/Ro and anti-SS-B/La antibodies, and, if necessary, Rose Bengal stain test, salivary ultrasonographic and MRI examination from November 2002 through October 2004. "
6.	Muscarinic M3 ReceptorIBA 04/01/2008 - "Cevimeline hydrochloride, a specific agonist of the M3 muscarinic receptor, is beneficial in the treatment of symptoms of xerostomia and xerophthalmia associated with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). "
7.	Interferon-alpha (Interferon Alfa)FDA Link 01/01/2003 - "Oral administration of 150 IU interferon-alpha 3 times a day for the patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome improved saliva production, relieved symptoms of xerostomia and xerophthalmia, and was well tolerated by the patients."
8.	Vitamin DFDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1997 - "One, effective against xerophthalmia, was named vitamin A; the other, effective against rickets, was named vitamin D. "
9.	Sodium Glutamate (Accent)IBA 07/01/1979 - "The monosodium glutamate fortification was the only intervention that resulted both in a significant reduction in clinical signs of xerophthalmia and in a significant rise in serum vitamin A levels. "
10.	Ivermectin (Mectizan)FDA Link 10/01/1993 - "Ivermectin must be taken annually to sustain protection against blindness, thus its incorporation into primary health care along with malaria, AIDS, trachoma, xerophthalmia, and cataract is most cost effective. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 10/01/2012 - "For 28 d after treatment, among middle and severe xerophthalmia samples of the spanishneedles leaves group, the mean differences showed significant improvement compared with that before treatment , OSDI and four tear film indicators also showed improvement to varying degrees. " 11/01/2000 - "It is possible that submandibular glands could be transplanted to the eye for treatment of xerophthalmia and out of the neck during irradiation of the head and neck, with subsequent replantation after treatment as a means of preventing permanent xerostomia." 10/01/2012 - "For 28 d after treatment, among middle and severe xerophthalmia samples of the vitamin C group, the mean differences showed no significant improvement compared with that before treatment , OSDI and four tear film indicators also showed no remarkable improvement. " 05/01/1977 - "Retinol-binding protein and pre-albumin in serum of children with xerophthalmia before and after treatment."
2.	Oral Administration 03/15/1980 - "Oral administration of vitamin A is not only more practical but appears to be just as effective as parenteral administration in the treatment of severe xerophthalmia." 01/01/2003 - "Oral administration of 150 IU interferon-alpha 3 times a day for the patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome improved saliva production, relieved symptoms of xerostomia and xerophthalmia, and was well tolerated by the patients."
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 11/01/2011 - "Prospective study of patients presenting anophthalmic cavities with severe xerophthalmia and conjunctival fornix retraction treated with labial salivary glands transplantation to the conjunctival fornices. " 04/01/2004 - "The transplantations were successful in 33 cases, their symptoms of xerophthalmia disappeared. " 09/01/2002 - "The transplantations were successful in 19 cases, whose symptoms of xerophthalmia disappeared. " 02/25/2002 - "To investigate the feasibility of treatment of xerophthalmia by transplantation of autologous vascularized submandibular gland (SMG). " 02/25/2002 - "[Treatment of xerophthalmia by transplantation of autologous vascularized submandibular gland]."
4.	Acupuncture Therapy 01/01/2010 - "This study observes changes in symptoms of xerophthalmia pre- and post-acupuncture therapy and compares the results of the acupuncture therapy (AT) group and the artificial tear control (ATC) group. " 01/01/2010 - "Clinical curative effect of acupuncture therapy on xerophthalmia." 01/01/2010 - "Both acupuncture therapy and artificial tear therapy have an immediate positive effect on the symptoms of xerophthalmia, but acupuncture therapy has a longer continuous effect than that of artificial tears."
5.	Moxibustion 09/01/2010 - "Acupuncture-moxibustion apparently relieves the symptoms of xerophthalmia, promotes tear secretion and improves the life quality of patients." 09/01/2010 - "Eighty cases of xerophthalmia were randomly divided into an acupuncture-moxibustion group and a medication group, 40 cases in each group. " 09/01/2010 - "To compare the efficacy differences between acupuncture-moxibustion and medication in xerophthalmia. " 09/01/2010 - "[Efficacy assessment of acupuncture and moxibustion on tear secretion in xerophthalmia]." 08/01/2008 - "Moxibustion with thunder-fire herbal moxa stick has good therapeutic effect on xerophthalmia of oligodacrya."