Whiplash Injuries (Whiplash Injury)

Hyperextension injury to the neck, often the result of being struck from behind by a fast-moving vehicle, in an automobile accident. (From Segen, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Also Known As:

Networked: 93 relevant articles (9 outcomes, 14 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches)
2.	Wounds and Injuries (Trauma)
3.	Rupture
4.	Vertigo (Positional Vertigo)
5.	Hyperalgesia

Experts

1.	Ferrari, Robert: 5 articles (09/2011 - 08/2005)
2.	Sterling, Michele: 3 articles (04/2015 - 01/2013)
3.	Ritchie, Carrie: 2 articles (04/2015 - 10/2013)
4.	Hendrikz, Joan: 2 articles (04/2015 - 10/2013)
5.	Jull, Gwendolen: 2 articles (04/2015 - 02/2009)
6.	Gilhus, N E: 2 articles (11/2011 - 07/2002)
7.	Narayan, Yogesh: 2 articles (01/2006 - 08/2005)
8.	Kumar, Shrawan: 2 articles (01/2006 - 08/2005)
9.	Vassiliou, T: 2 articles (05/2004 - 08/2001)
10.	Schnabel, M: 2 articles (05/2004 - 08/2001)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Whiplash Injuries:

1.	MethylprednisoloneFDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1998 - "The results of this study indicate that acute treatment with high-dose methylprednisolone may be beneficial in preventing extensive sick leave after whiplash injury. " 05/01/1998 - "To evaluate the efficacy of high-dose methylprednisolone when administered within 8 hours after whiplash injury. " 01/01/2012 - "The same methylprednisolone therapy has been found effective in whiplash injuries. " 01/01/2002 - "The same methylprednisolone therapy has been found effective in whiplash injuries and a modified regimen found to improve recovery after surgery for lumbar disc disease. " 01/01/2000 - "The same methylprednisolone therapy has been found effective in whiplash injuries and a modified regimen found to improve recovery after surgery for lumbar disc disease. "
2.	MercuryIBA 06/01/2003 - "Results indicate that the improved geometric fit of head restraints observed in many newer vehicle models are reducing the risk of whiplash injury substantially among female drivers (about 37% in the Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable), but have very little effect among male drivers. "
3.	daminozide (Alar)IBA 11/01/2012 - "Further studies with more participants are necessary to evaluate alar ligament pathologies in patients with a history of whiplash injury." 11/01/2011 - "The purpose of this study was to explore changes in the signal intensity of the alar and transverse ligaments during the first year after a whiplash injury. " 11/01/2011 - "Follow-up MR imaging of the alar and transverse ligaments after whiplash injury: a prospective controlled study." 07/01/2002 - "MRI assessment of the alar ligaments in the late stage of whiplash injury--a study of structural abnormalities and observer agreement." 01/01/2013 - "MRI signal changes of alar and transverse ligaments are not supposed to be caused by whiplash injury, and MRI examination of alar and transverse ligaments should not be used as the routine workup of patients with WADs."
4.	Biological Markers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 01/01/2013 - "The course of serum inflammatory biomarkers following whiplash injury and their relationship to sensory and muscle measures: a longitudinal cohort study." 01/01/2013 - "The results of the study indicate that inflammatory biomarkers may play a role in outcomes following whiplash injury as well as being associated with hyperalgesia and fatty muscle infiltrate in the cervical extensors. "
5.	Benign paroxysmal positional vertigoIBA 09/01/2011 - "Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo following whiplash injury: a myth or a reality?" 09/01/2011 - "The aim of the study was to evaluate the true incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) arising after whiplash injury and to distinguish this type of posttraumatic vertigo from other types of dizziness complained after trauma. "
6.	N 30IBA 06/01/1994 - "In this study, 60 patients who were seen for whiplash injuries in the Department for Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery at the University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf for clinical and radiological evaluation, an average of 5.7 years post injury, were divided into two groups (n = 30) depending on radiologically-proven preexisting degenerative changes of the cervical spine. "
7.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 11/01/2010 - "Both expectations and coping styles may interact or be co-modifiers in the outcomes of whiplash injury in whiplash victims. " 02/01/2009 - "Head eye co-ordination using simultaneous measurement of eye in head and head in space movements: potential for use in subjects with a whiplash injury." 09/01/2011 - "Although expectations and coping styles may interact or be co-modifiers in the outcomes of whiplash injury in Canadian whiplash victims, in Germany, despite having similar coping styles to Canadians, the lack of expectation for chronic pain may be protective from the effect of passive coping styles. "
8.	Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor)IBA 09/01/2009 - "Two patients with whiplash injury and disk herniation developed CHA associated with very high TNF-alpha levels. " 10/01/2001 - "An immune response reflected by elevated numbers of TNF-alpha- and IL-10-secreting blood MNC was observed in patients with WAD examined within 3 days compared to 14 days after the whiplash injury. "
9.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 01/01/1994 - "Three cases of traumatic retinal angiopathy associated with whiplash injury are presented. " 01/01/1997 - "Traumatic retinal angiopathy and seat belts: pathogenesis of whiplash injury." 01/01/1994 - "Traumatic retinal angiopathy and seat belts: pathogenesis of whiplash injury."
10.	CollagenIBA 03/01/1987 - "This mechanism, common in whiplash injuries, could lead to irreversible overstretching or rupture of the ligaments especially as the ligaments consist of mainly collagen fibers." 01/01/1997 - "Skin biopsies from 25 patients with fibromyalgia, 5 healthy controls, 8 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 9 patients with local chronic pain after whiplash injury, were examined for the occurrence of IgG deposits and collagen types, using direct and indirect immunofluorescence, and for dermal connective tissue mast cells, using semithin Epon sections. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Combined Modality Therapy 01/15/2000 - "These early results indicate that a multimodal treatment program has the potential to be an effective treatment for patients with chronic symptoms after a whiplash injury of the neck--a group of patients who have in the past been considered intractable or, at the very least, puzzling." 01/15/2000 - "The objective of this study was to document the improvements of patients with chronic symptoms after a "whiplash" injury of the neck, who attended a 4-week multimodal treatment program at the Rug AdviesCentra Nederland. " 01/15/2000 - "Results of a multimodal treatment program for patients with chronic symptoms after a whiplash injury of the neck."
2.	Spinal Manipulation 05/01/2007 - "To assess the efficacy of spinal manipulation treatments in patients with whiplash injuries. " 05/01/2007 - "[Effectiveness of spinal manipulation in treating whiplash injuries]." 07/01/2005 - "There is limited evidence of the benefit of spinal manipulation and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the treatment of acute neck pain not due to whiplash injury. "
3.	Traction 11/01/1958 - "In 33 patients with whiplash injury, some recently injured and some chronically disabled with persistent symptoms, good results were observed following hydromassage, hot packs, joint mobilization exercises and, in a few, cervical or pelvic traction." 11/01/2009 - "Prospective observational case series of five eyes of four patients presenting with OLD at the fovea defined as discrete lesions of 50-100 mum in size located at the level of the outer retina on biomicroscopy and imaged on optical coherence tomography (OCT) as cylindrical, well-demarcated interruption of hyper-reflective bands corresponding to the inner/outer segments junction of photoreceptors and to the complex retinal pigment epithelium-choriocapillaris; none of the enrolled patients had any positive history for direct sungazing, welding-arc or sunbed exposure, whiplash injury, ocular trauma, macular oedema/detachment or evidence of vitreomacular traction. "
4.	Exercise Therapy (Therapy, Exercise) 05/01/2004 - "Early exercise therapy is superior to the collar therapy in reducing pain intensity and disability for whiplash injury."
5.	Seat Belts (Seat Belt) 01/01/2006 - "That study, however, used a nonstandard harness for automobiles, and other studies suggest that a lap-and-shoulder seat belt may increase the risk of whiplash injury. " 03/01/2006 - "Following introduction of the compulsory use of seat belts in cars, whiplash injuries of the cervical spine have become common in everyday practice. " 05/18/1999 - "Cost of seat-belt-related whiplash injuries rising." 11/01/1998 - "This is because of the evolution of whiplash injury over the years with the advent of head rests and seat belts. " 09/01/1995 - "With the increased incidence of whiplash injury following the introduction of compulsory car seat belts, a large number of reports have dealt with the aftermath of this condition. "