Vesico-Ureteral Reflux (Vesicoureteral Reflux)

Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve.

Also Known As:

Vesicoureteral Reflux; Vesicoureteral Reflux 1; Grade1, Vesicoureteral Reflux; Reflux, Primary Vesicoureteral; Reflux, Secondary Vesicoureteral; Reflux, Vesico-Ureteral; Reflux, Vesicoureteral; Reflux1, Vesicoureteral; Vesico Ureteral Reflux; Vesicoureteral Reflux, Primary; Vesicoureteral Reflux, Secondary; Vesicoureteral Reflux1s; Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux; Secondary Vesicoureteral Reflux; Vesicoureteral Reflux Grade1; Vesicoureteral Reflux1

Networked: 1837 relevant articles (124 outcomes, 197 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Urinary Tract Infections (Urinary Tract Infection)
2.	Cicatrix (Scar)
3.	Pyelonephritis
4.	Neurogenic Urinary Bladder (Bladder, Neurogenic)
5.	Infections

Experts

1.	Puri, Prem: 28 articles (07/2019 - 02/2002)
2.	Kirsch, Andrew J: 27 articles (11/2021 - 07/2003)
3.	Chertin, Boris: 17 articles (09/2021 - 02/2002)
4.	Scherz, Hal C: 17 articles (08/2012 - 07/2003)
5.	Canning, Douglas A: 15 articles (01/2019 - 12/2002)
6.	Nelson, Caleb P: 14 articles (01/2020 - 01/2008)
7.	Cooper, Christopher S: 13 articles (11/2021 - 04/2003)
8.	Kajbafzadeh, Abdol-Mohammad: 13 articles (12/2020 - 07/2010)
9.	Koyle, Martin A: 12 articles (01/2021 - 10/2004)
10.	Retik, Alan B: 11 articles (02/2014 - 07/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Vesico-Ureteral Reflux:

1.	dextranomerIBA 04/01/2015 - "Factors affecting the success of endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux and comparison of two dextranomer based bulking agents: does bulking substance matter?" 02/01/2007 - "We performed a multi-institutional study of 80 patients (97 ureters) who were diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux and had failed endoscopic treatment with dextranomer microspheres. " 09/01/2012 - "The diameter of dextranomer microsphere does not affect the short-term success rate in endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. " 09/01/2012 - "Does the diameter of dextranomer microspheres affect the success in endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux?" 02/01/2007 - "A review of failures of endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux with dextranomer microspheres."
2.	Hyaluronic Acid (Hyaluronan)IBA 10/01/2010 - "Endoscopic treatment of primary grade V vesicoureteral reflux using hyaluronic acid copolymer (DX/HA)." 10/01/2007 - "Endoscopic treatment with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid is safe and highly effective for eradicating high grade vesicoureteral reflux in infants. " 05/01/2014 - "Dextranomer hyaluronic acid (DxHA) copolymer, an agent with proven efficacy in vesicoureteral reflux, was studied with respect to its effects on the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ). " 05/01/2013 - "Our results confirm the safety and efficacy of endoscopic injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid in eradicating intermediate and high grade vesicoureteral reflux in patients with complete duplex systems. " 05/01/2013 - "Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid endoscopic injection is effective in the treatment of intermediate and high grade vesicoureteral reflux in patients with complete duplex systems."
3.	Succimer (Dimercaptosuccinic Acid)FDA Link 10/01/2009 - "We evaluated the efficacy of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan and ultrasound (US) in comparison with voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) in predicting vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children below the age of 2 years. " 08/01/1994 - "Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scans were performed on 75 children (115 refluxing renal units) to determine the efficacy of routine scanning in patients with various grades of vesicoureteral reflux. " 07/01/2011 - "To evaluate the accuracy of acute-phase DMSA scanning in identifying dilating (grades III through V) vesicoureteral reflux documented by VCUG in children with a first febrile UTI, we performed a meta-analysis of the accuracy of diagnostic tests as reported from relevant studies identified through the PubMed and Scopus databases. " 01/01/2009 - "In these studies, vesico-ureteral reflux was diagnosed by voiding cystourethrogram and kidney damage was assessed by either DMSA scan or urography. " 06/01/2004 - "The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of DMSA scintigraphy performed during UTI as a predictor of patient outcome, to identify children at risk of events [vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) or recurrent UTI] that may lead to the development of progressive renal damage. "
4.	dextranomer-hyaluronic acid copolymerIBA 10/01/2003 - "Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer is effective in either double ureters or a small kidney." 10/01/2002 - "In an open label study we investigated the effect of voiding dysfunction on the efficacy of endoscopic treatment with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer in patients with vesicoureteral reflux. " 10/01/2008 - "Injecting dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer has gained popularity as first line treatment for vesicoureteral reflux. " 01/01/2016 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of patients with vesicoureteral reflux, which were treated with subureteral injection of small-size (80-120 μm) dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Dx/HA). " 10/01/2006 - "To examine the outcomes of renal ultrasound studies after subureteral injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer and provide recommendations for postoperative management of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). "
5.	defluxIBA 10/01/2006 - "Endoscopic subureteral injection of Deflux is excellent first line treatment in children with high grade vesicoureteral reflux. " 01/01/2022 - "To evaluate the efficacy of bladder ultrasound (US) in predicting the resolution of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) after subureteral endoscopic Deflux injection in low-grade vs high-grade VUR patients. " 06/01/2016 - "The objective of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of two similar tissue bulking agents, Deflux and Vurdex, used for a treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in our institution. " 12/01/2013 - "This study aims to assess pediatric urology practice patterns and factors which influence the use of Deflux(®) in the management of vesicoureteral reflux among pediatric urologists. " 04/01/2019 - "As cystography demonstrated bilateral vesicoureteral reflux, we performed endoscopic intraureteral injection of Deflux[TM] and during the operation we confirmed influx of bloody urine from the right ureteral orifice but not from the left one. "
6.	Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)FDA Link 01/09/1994 - "The authors detail the procedure and analyse their results which demonstrate that Teflon injection can be safe and effective treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in most cases can replace antireflux surgery." 09/01/1998 - "Endoscopic subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) injection has been used successfully to treat primary and secondary vesicoureteral reflux in children. " 09/01/1998 - "The results of this multicenter survey confirm that endoscopic subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection is a simple, safe and effective outpatient procedure for treating all grades of vesicoureteral reflux." 01/01/1990 - "Ureteral lesions due to endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux by injection of Teflon: pathological study." 05/01/2008 - "Role of the Teflon deposit in the recurrence of vesicoureteral reflux."
7.	Radioisotopes (Radionuclides)IBA 06/01/2019 - "Direct radionuclide cystography is currently a popular method for evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux, despite its pitfalls and drawbacks in producing false-positive results. " 03/01/2013 - "To evaluate the prognostic value of initial direct radionuclide cystography (DRC) for spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). " 03/01/2013 - "Predict the spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux by direct radionuclide cystography." 01/01/2008 - "The gold standard procedure for the evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the radiographic voiding cystourethrography (VCUG); direct radionuclide voiding cystography (DRVC) is an alternative method for detecting VUR. " 11/01/1992 - "Patient age at the time of the first of 2 radionuclide cystograms without vesicoureteral reflux was considered the age of spontaneous resolution of reflux. "
8.	CollagenIBA 05/01/1996 - "Endoscopic injection of collagen is effective treatment for vesicoureteral reflux. " 05/01/1996 - "We determined therapeutic and operative cost efficacy of endoscopic collagen injection for vesicoureteral reflux. " 12/01/2003 - "We investigated intravesical ureteral endings using immunohistochemical methods to study general morphology, smooth muscle architecture and collagen composition in children with vesicoureteral reflux. " 01/01/2007 - "Use of collagen for endoscopic correction in complicated vesicoureteral reflux." 02/18/2006 - "We emphasize that the usage of gluteraldehyde cross-linked bovine collagen in children appears to be safe for endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux."
9.	CreatinineIBA 03/01/2023 - "Notably, there was no significant improvement in vesicoureteral reflux (VUR; P=0.66) or upper urinary tract dilatation (UUTD; P=0.75) in the BTX-A group, and no statistically significant difference in serum creatinine (Scr) levels or the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was observed in the follow-up evaluations (all P>0.05). " 11/01/1998 - "Bladder capacity throughout the study revealed consistently higher volumes in group 2 than in group 1. In 3 of the 4 group 1 subjects vesicoureteral reflux developed compared to no reflux in group 2. Creatinine levels were elevated at sacrifice in 50% of the animals in group 1 compared to none in group 2. Random bladder residual urine was less than 150 cc in 3 of the 4 group 2 subjects. " 10/01/2022 - "Serum creatinine > 1 mg/dL (n = 5), trabeculated bladder (n = 12), and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) (n = 12) was noted at presentation. " 01/21/2022 - "Postoperatively, serum creatinine (p = 0.024), grade of vesicoureteral reflux (p = 0.003), side of upper tract dilatation (p = 0.006), side of megaureter (p = 0.004), and SWDR score (p = 0.002) were significantly decreased in group II. Postoperative urodynamic measurements showed comparable results in both groups. " 01/01/2011 - "Compared to infants without vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) (n=68), infants with VUR (n=11; two with Grade I, three with Grade II, five with Grade III, two with Grade IV) showed a significantly lower (P=.006) maximum urine osmolality and a significantly higher microalbumin/creatinine ratio (P<.001) and NAG/creatinine ratio (P=.003). "
10.	baysilon (polydimethylsiloxane)IBA 11/01/2001 - "Endoscopic subureteral polydimethylsiloxane injection is an effective treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children. " 11/01/2020 - "Polydimethylsiloxane (Macroplastique®) endoscopic subureteric implantation is considered to be safe and effective for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) treatment. " 11/01/2001 - "Efficacy of endoscopic subureteral polydimethylsiloxane injection for treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children: a North American clinical report." 11/01/2020 - "Submucosal stone formation after 14-years of polydimethylsiloxane (Macroplastique®) endoscopic subureteric injection for vesicoureteral reflux: Unusual presentation for a rare complication." 06/01/2019 - "To identify the results of polydimethylsiloxane application in the endourological management of symptomatic vesicoureteral reflux to the kidney graft and to determine the factors associated with persistent symptoms and with vesicoureteral reflux. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Replantation 09/21/2021 - "Retrospective comparative study of the efficacy of extravesical non-dismembered common sheath ureteral reimplantation (ECSR) versus intravesical common sheath ureteral reimplantation (ICSR) techniques for the correction of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in complete duplex systems. " 11/01/2023 - "Ureteral reimplantation is the gold standard treatment for high-grade vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in pediatric patients. " 06/01/2021 - "Background: The gold standard of surgical intervention of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is open ureteral reimplantation with high success and low complication rates. " 01/01/2018 - "This retrospective study indicates that ureteral reimplantation concomitant with augmentation cystoplasty may be beneficial in patients with low pressure or high grade vesicoureteral reflux, ureterovesical junction obstruction or ureteral tortuosity, and adhesions and/or severe upper urinary tract dilatation, especially in those with a long medical history." 05/01/2012 - "Significant postoperative improvement of hydroureteronephrosis was observed in 11 of 13 patients and vesicoureteral reflux was found in 2. Only 3 patients needed ureteral reimplantation after endoscopic treatment due to hydroureteronephrosis in 2 and high grade vesicoureteral reflux in 1. High pressure balloon dilation of the ureterovesical junction is effective in treating primary obstructive megaureter, but long-term followup is needed."
2.	Antibiotic Prophylaxis 08/01/2023 - "Although investigations over the past 2 decades have improved our understanding of the natural history of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and helped identify those at higher risk of both VUR itself as well as its potential severe sequelae, debate exists regarding key aspects of care, including when to perform diagnostic imaging and which patients benefit from continuous antibiotic prophylaxis. " 05/01/2010 - "This knowledge may help to develop effective interventions to improve compliance and underscores the importance of reporting compliance in clinical studies evaluating the usefulness of antibiotic prophylaxis in vesicoureteral reflux management." 01/01/2018 - "Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) is a mainstay of treatment for children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). " 03/01/2015 - "Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux: systematic review and meta-analysis." 09/14/2023 - "In this investigator-initiated, randomized, open-label trial performed in 39 European centers, we randomly assigned infants 1 to 5 months of age with grade III, IV, or V vesicoureteral reflux and no previous UTIs to receive continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (prophylaxis group) or no treatment (untreated group) for 24 months. "
3.	Therapeutics 05/01/1998 - "Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) represent an important pathology (surgical treatment was until recently the "gold standard" therapy) in urology. " 04/24/2021 - "According to hydrodistension grade of the ureteral orifice, endoscopic injection therapy via modified hydrodistension implantation technique is an effective and safe treatment for vesicoureteral reflux in post-pubertal female patients with dilated ureteral orifice. " 12/01/1996 - "The efficacy of both medical and surgical therapy for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has been well established. " 11/01/2021 - "The objective of this paper isidentifying the factors that may condition the success or failure of endoscopic therapy for vesicoureteral reflux in the paediatric population.MATERIAL AND METHODS: A bibliographic review was performed in the Cochrane Library and PUBMED of all the studies which the principal subject was about identifying factors involved in the success or failure of endoscopic therapy for vesicoureteral reflux in the paediatric population. " 10/01/2010 - "The pathophysiology, evaluation and therapy of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) were newly illuminated over the past years through different clinical studies and basic research. "
4.	Injections 04/01/1994 - "The purpose of this investigation was to determine the safety and efficacy of subtrigonal, periureteral injections of autogenous fat grafts for the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. " 03/01/2004 - "In this study we investigated glass spheres (GSs) as an alternative injectable substance to correct vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in an animal model. " 02/01/2022 - "High-grade vesicoureteral reflux in infants: Our experience with endoscopic subureteric injections." 12/01/2016 - "Autologous cells potentially provide an ideal injectable substance for management in vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). " 01/01/2015 - "Injections including the trigone zone do not cause vesicoureteral reflux. "
5.	Conservative Treatment 09/01/2000 - "The most significant factors determining the efficacy of conservative treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux are: reflux grade and child's age at diagnosis." 09/01/2000 - "The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of conservative treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux. " 03/01/2008 - "A small number of reports evaluating early effects of vesicoureteral reflux conservative therapy in children, based on antibacterial prophylaxis combined with correction of the of lower urinary tract function inspired us to perform the study. " 06/01/2000 - "To study the influence of bladder instability on the conservative management and surgical treatment of children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), 102 children were included in a prospective study. " 09/01/1986 - "[Comparison of surgical and conservative therapy in primary vesicoureteral reflux (international reflux study)]."