Urinary Calculi (Urinary Calculus)

Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.

Also Known As:

Urinary Calculus; Urinary Tract Stones; Calculi, Urinary; Calculus, Urinary; Stone, Urinary; Stone, Urinary Tract; Stones, Urinary; Stones, Urinary Tract; Urinary Stone; Urinary Tract Stone; Urinary Stones

Networked: 2791 relevant articles (133 outcomes, 328 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Shock
2.	Infections
3.	Urolithiasis
4.	Urinary Calculi (Urinary Calculus)
5.	Pain (Aches)

Experts

1.	Daudon, Michel: 24 articles (12/2022 - 09/2002)
2.	Stoller, Marshall L: 23 articles (01/2018 - 04/2002)
3.	Traxer, Olivier: 20 articles (11/2022 - 08/2003)
4.	Monga, Manoj: 17 articles (09/2022 - 12/2004)
5.	Zeng, Guohua: 16 articles (01/2022 - 01/2012)
6.	Assimos, Dean G: 13 articles (01/2020 - 04/2002)
7.	Maxwell, Adam D: 11 articles (12/2021 - 02/2011)
8.	Daudon, M: 11 articles (09/2016 - 08/2000)
9.	Preminger, Glenn M: 11 articles (04/2016 - 05/2003)
10.	Chi, Thomas: 10 articles (01/2022 - 03/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Urinary Calculi:

1.	CalciumIBA 01/01/2005 - "According to our study, detailed urometabolic analyses may be somewhat reserved for the patients with ordinary factors increasing risk of stone recurrence including relatively high serum calcium level, large stone burden, upper urinary stone, history of recurrence and open surgery. " 02/01/2002 - "In this study a comparison has been made of the metabolic profiles in men and women, in different groups of aging, with calcium-containing urinary stones in order to identify possibly significant differences. " 01/01/1987 - "It is concluded that there is a spectrum of acute effects of oral SPC that may warrant long-term trials on this medication in the metaphylaxis of calcium-containing urinary stones." 06/01/1984 - "[Studies on an oral calcium loading test in upper urinary tract stone formers]." 01/01/2022 - "Untargeted metabolomics was utilized in comparative analyses of calcium-based stones (CBS) and spot urine samples from patients with a history of USD with or without urinary stone activity based on radiologic imaging. "
2.	Uric Acid (Urate)IBA 01/01/2021 - "To compare noise texture and accuracy to differentiate uric acid from non-uric acid urinary stones among four different single-source and dual-source DECT approaches in an ex vivo phantom study. " 04/01/2020 - "The study included 33 consecutive male patients with a diagnosis of "pure" stones of anhydrous uric acid at infrared spectroscopy and 49 male control subjects with no history of urinary stones. " 08/01/2018 - "The purpose of the present study was to describe single-energy thin slice quantitative CT parameters of urinary stones correlated to chemical stone type and to develop a method to distinguish pure uric acid stones (UA) from other stones (non-UA/Mix). " 08/01/2016 - "The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of using dual-energy CT to accurately quantify uric acid and non-uric acid components in urinary stones of mixed composition. " 09/01/2004 - "In the present study, the epidemiological features were as follows: high annual prevalence and incidence, high frequency of lower urinary tract stones, high frequency in females, many endoscopic treatment procedures and high frequency of uric acid stones in the upper urinary tract."
3.	Citric Acid (Citrate)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2009 - "In addition, intake of citrate-rich juices, such as lemonade, may help to reduce urinary stone formation. " 09/01/2002 - "This study shows that low urinary citrate is associated with urinary stones in children, especially in endemic areas, in the absence of obvious etiological factors. " 05/18/1970 - "[A study of the value of Uralyt-U (Madaus) in the treatment of urinary calculi]." 10/01/2021 - "Variation in Urinary Stone Parameters Throughout the Day and the Effect of Increased Fluid and Citrate Supplementation." 10/01/2017 - "Urinary citrate (Ucit) protects against urinary stone formation. "
4.	Calcium OxalateIBA 07/01/2013 - "TFL pulse energy of 34 mJ with 500-μs pulse duration and 150-Hz pulse rate was delivered through the hollow-tip fibers in contact with human calcium oxalate monohydrate urinary stones during ex vivo studies. " 08/01/1999 - "Forty-seven men with urinary stones composed chiefly of calcium oxalate participated in the study. " 01/01/1997 - "The results of a study on a standardized mixed diet or an ovo-lactovegetarian diet show that well-balanced nutrition with consecutive high intake of fluids leads to a significant decrease in the risk for urinary stone formation (calculated as relative supersaturation with calcium oxalate by the computer program EQUIL)." 07/01/1993 - "Role of organic matrix in urinary stone formation: an ultrastructural study of crystal matrix interface of calcium oxalate monohydrate stones." 07/01/1990 - "[Studies on the occurrence of texture types in calcium oxalate urinary stones]."
5.	StruviteIBA 09/20/1984 - "New treatment for struvite urinary stones." 01/01/2018 - "Antibacterial and In Vitro Growth Inhibition Study of Struvite Urinary Stones Using Oxalis corniculata Linn. " 01/01/2012 - "In the present work, we carried out density functional calculations of struvite--the main component of the so-called infectious urinary stones--to study its structural and elastic properties. " 06/01/2011 - "In the present study, the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of root of Rotula aquatica was investigated against struvite crystals (one of the components of urinary stone) grown in vitro using single diffusion gel growth technique. " 09/01/1980 - "In a microscopical study of thin sections from 3500 urinary calculi we detected this compound in 14 stones, all of which contained struvite. "
6.	Cystine (L-Cystine)IBA 03/01/2016 - "This study reports a retrospective evaluation of epidemiological data from cystine stones of dogs submitted to the Urinary Stone Analysis Center Bonn, Germany, over a period of 35 years. " 01/01/2011 - "[In vitro study of the litholytic effects of herbal extracts on cystine urinary calculi]." 01/01/1991 - "Study of cystine urinary calculi in dogs." 01/01/1990 - "This study confirms the observation that elevated concentrations of urine cystine are relatively infrequent among patients with urinary stones." 05/01/2020 - "Cystine stones are relatively uncommon compared with other stone compositions, constituting just 1% to 2% of adult urinary tract stone diseases, and accounting for up to 10% of pediatric stone diseases. "
7.	melamineIBA 12/01/2016 - "Although most patients with melamine-associated urinary stone were given conservative medical treatment, the impact was not completely eliminated. " 05/05/2010 - "There were significant differences in therapeutic efficacy between the two treatment doses after 3 and 6 months as measured by the increase in the successful expulsion rate and time of melamine-induced urinary calculi. " 01/01/2012 - "LC/MS is simple and effective for detecting melamine in urinary calculi, which is helpful to the treatment and follow-up." 06/01/2013 - "Many studies have been published regarding the epidemiology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of melamine-related urinary stones. " 08/01/2011 - "Study of stone composition changes in melamine-related urinary calculi and its clinical significance."
8.	DiureticsIBA 06/19/2020 - "In the analysis, we found that diuretics on extracorporeal SWL treatment were more effective for the management of urinary stones. " 01/01/2020 - "RCTs were selected for assessing the effects of diuretics on fragmentation and clearance of urinary stones. " 03/16/2020 - "(Caryophyllaceae) is used for treatment of urinary stones and as a diuretic. " 01/01/2020 - "The present systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted for investigating the effect of diuretics on the outcomes of shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) for the treatment of urinary stones. " 03/01/2022 - "Herniaria hirsuta is traditionally used in Moroccan folk medicine for treatment of urinary stones and as a diuretic. "
9.	MagnesiumIBA 04/01/2001 - "The role of magnesium in urinary stone formation remains undefined. " 08/29/1987 - "High dietary levels of magnesium (greater than 2 g/kg drymatter [DM]) have been implicated as the main causal factor of urinary calculi in concentrate-fed lambs. " 10/08/1985 - "[Magnesium content of feed and the formation of urinary calculi in fattening calves]." 01/01/1984 - "The high serum magnesium may contribute to the rare occurrence of urinary calculi in Greenlanders." 07/01/1978 - "Therefore the determination of magnesium excretion can be neglected in the course of routine investigation of patients with urinary calculi."
10.	calcium phosphateIBA 12/01/2018 - "To our knowledge no medication has been shown to be effective for preventing recurrent calcium phosphate urinary stones. " 01/01/2020 - "We present a case of Veillonella growth from a primarily calcium phosphate-based urinary stone culture. " 12/01/2010 - "Calcium phosphate (CaP) stones account for about 15% of all urinary stones, with a marked female preponderance, and reflect a wide diversity of etiology. " 12/01/2004 - "A retrospective data analysis was performed of urinary stone risk analysis in 133 patients with pure or mixed calcium phosphate stones (30% or greater). " 07/01/2003 - "Among different kinds of urinary stones, calcium phosphate stone was most dissolved, 78 % reduction of dry weight in the rat bladder. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Lithotripsy (Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy) 12/01/1986 - "Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy has been shown to be a safe and effective method of treating most upper urinary tract stones. " 11/01/2006 - "Evaluation of the results confirms the efficacy of extracorporeal lithotripsy for the treatment of even very large urinary stones in children, even in very young children. " 09/01/2012 - "Thirty years after its introduction, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) is still first-line treatment for more than half of all urinary tract stones, but machines and treatment strategies have significantly developed over time. " 02/01/1992 - "Excretory urography during lithotripsy can provide valuable targeting information and the results of treatment in a manner that may prove useful in the treatment of urinary calculi." 10/01/2010 - "Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy is a non-invasive effective treatment of upper urinary tract stones. "
2.	Solid-State Lasers 10/01/1999 - "The Ho:YAG laser was reliable and effective for most of the urinary stones. " 05/01/2000 - "The holmium laser has proven to be safe and effective in clearing urinary stone burdens of a variety of sizes, sites and compositions in this cohort of patients." 06/01/1999 - "The holmium:YAG laser has been used effectively for a wide variety of urinary calculi. " 10/01/2020 - "Holmium laser has been established asthe gold-standard for the ureteroscopic management of urinary stone disease. " 12/01/2023 - "To our knowledge, this is the first study showing ablation efficiency of the p-Tm:YAG laser for stone dust from human urinary stones of known compositions. "
3.	Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy 10/17/2023 - "Mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL), which has a smaller tract size (14-20 Fr) than conventional percutaneous nephrolithotomy, has been shown to be safe and effective in pediatric patients with large and complex upper urinary tract stones. " 01/01/2023 - "To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-perc) for the treatment of upper urinary tract stones in children. " 10/01/2021 - "This article analyzed the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL) with low-pressure perfusion for the treatment of upper urinary tract stones in children. " 01/01/2021 - "Purpose: To present the safety and efficacy of totally ultrasonography-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for managing urinary stones in pediatric patients. " 04/01/2020 - "To compare the safety and efficacy of total tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) with standard PCNL for the treatment of upper urinary calculi. "
4.	Therapeutics 09/01/1999 - "Specific dietary therapy, adjusted according to a metabolic evaluation, is more effective than nonspecific general dietary recommendations in preventing the formation of a second urinary stone." 07/01/2023 - "The study of the prevalence of types of urinary stones in different areas of the country and the world plays an important role in predicting the burden on the health care system as a whole and the urological community, including in terms of calculating the probability of recurrence of the disease, even against the background of effective metaphylactic therapy. " 01/01/2022 - "To compare the frequency of stone-related events among subgroups of high-risk patients with and without 24-hour urine testing before preventive pharmacological therapy (PPT) prescription. While recent studies show, on average, no benefit to a selective approach to PPT for urinary stone disease (USD), there could be heterogeneity in treatment effect across patient subgroups. " 01/01/2022 - "We report a pilot study in preparation for a larger multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing shockwave therapy and ureteroscopy in patients with a single urinary stone of ≤20 mm in the upper urinary tract. " 05/01/1981 - "[Therapy and long-term results of urinary calculi based on a study of 6959 cases]."
5.	Lasers (Laser) 09/01/2007 - "The in vitro efficacy of these lasers in treating urinary stones has been explored, but to our knowledge no study compares the in vivo efficacy. " 11/06/2023 - "We reviewed studies to identify the units and terms used for laser performance when treating urinary stones. " 09/01/2020 - "To study the impact of stone density as assessed by Hounsfield units (HU) on total laser energy (TLE) used and total laser time (TLT) spent in complete fragmentation of upper urinary tract stones. " 11/01/1995 - "[Experimental study of urinary calculi fragmentation with pulsed laser shockwave, based on their chemical composition]." 12/01/2023 - "During endoscopic procedures for urinary stones treatment, it is frequently needed to change laser parameters. "