Uremia

A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.

Also Known As:

Networked: 3874 relevant articles (125 outcomes, 299 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Chronic Kidney Failure (Chronic Renal Failure)
2.	Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
3.	Renal Insufficiency (Renal Failure)
4.	Inflammation
5.	Anemia

Experts

1.	Slatopolsky, Eduardo: 14 articles (06/2015 - 06/2003)
2.	Olgaard, Klaus: 13 articles (01/2015 - 08/2002)
3.	Fukagawa, Masafumi: 11 articles (12/2015 - 03/2002)
4.	Stenvinkel, Peter: 11 articles (01/2013 - 11/2002)
5.	Perna, Alessandra F: 11 articles (09/2012 - 03/2003)
6.	Pecoits-Filho, Roberto: 10 articles (04/2014 - 06/2003)
7.	Rabkin, Ralph: 10 articles (02/2014 - 01/2002)
8.	Massy, Ziad A: 10 articles (01/2014 - 01/2002)
9.	Nishizawa, Yoshiki: 10 articles (10/2012 - 03/2004)
10.	Ingrosso, Diego: 10 articles (09/2012 - 03/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Uremia:

1.	Urea (Carbamide)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1996 - "Although high urea concentrations usually signify worsening uremia and inadequate dialysis, low concentrations do not guarantee a good outcome. " 01/01/2009 - "Dialysis delivered dose (dpKt/V) was higher and urea rebound phenomenon was less in group I. Finally, an improvement in uremia related and postdialysis symptoms was observed in the same group of patients. " 01/01/1971 - "[Study of seromucosal transfer of urea into the intestine in chronic uremia]." 09/01/2015 - "Kt/V(urea) is too simple a concept for the complexities of uremia and of today's dialysis." 07/01/2013 - "To explore the expression of urea transporters (UTs) in the skin and sweat glands of normal subjects and patients with uremia. "
2.	ErythropoietinFDA Link 09/01/1996 - "Since only a portion of anemic patients outside the uremia setting benefit from erythropoietin treatment, a reliable means of predicting potential responders and nonresponders would be very useful. " 08/01/1994 - "The purpose of this study was to investigate the metabolism of erythropoietin (EPO) in uremia compared with healthy subjects. " 05/01/2012 - "To investigate intestinal motility changes due to uremia, and the effect of pretreatment with erythropoietin. " 05/01/2012 - "Intestinal motility in acute uremia and effects of erythropoietin." 01/01/2005 - "B cells are also activated in uremia, and this activation could be altered by erythropoietin therapy in HD patients. "
3.	CreatinineIBA 01/01/2012 - "We report a rare case of severe uremia and describe the day to day improvement in neuro-cognitive function by dialysis using state of the arte test battery--starting at a serum creatinine of 2443 μmol/l. " 03/01/1989 - "After the treatment, BUN and serum creatinine levels decreased, creatinine cleance improved and the clinical manifestations of uremia alleviated or disappeared. " 12/01/1982 - "We found a negative correlation between the 1,25-diOHD levels and the reduction of the clearance of inuline, serum creatinine and uremia. " 09/01/2015 - "Among the 91 MM patients, 22 patients had abnormal serum creatinine levels (no uremia), and 69 patients had normal serum creatinine levels. " 03/01/2015 - "On day 9, diuresis was recovered, creatinine and uremia returned to normal levels and the patient was discharged from the ICU."
4.	PhosphorusIBA 06/01/2003 - "19-Nor was effective in preventing (protocol I) and suppressing (protocol II) the significant SH induced by uremia and further enhanced by a high phosphorus diet. " 01/01/1996 - "To assess cytoplasmic concentrations of P(i) and other phosphate metabolites in uremia, phosphorus-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) studies were carried out in vivo in rat remnant kidney. " 12/01/2010 - "Parathyroid klotho gene expression and protein were significantly increased in severely uremic hyperphosphatemic rats, but not affected by moderate uremia and normal serum phosphorus. " 06/01/2003 - "In protocol II, normal and uremic rats were fed a high phosphorus diet for 4 months; 2 months after the onset of uremia, rats were administered either intraperitoneal vehicle or 19-Nor (200 ng three times a week). " 02/01/1996 - "Since phosphorus restriction caused a rise in the serum 1,25-(OH)2D level, the role of 1,25-(OH)2D in uremia-induced intestinal dysfunction was examined. "
5.	Conjugated (USP) Estrogens (Premarin)FDA Link 10/01/2000 - "Conjugated estrogens shorten the prolonged bleeding time in uremic patients and are similarly effective in a rat model of uremia. " 10/01/1991 - "We have reported previously that conjugated estrogens that are effective in shortening the prolonged bleeding time in uremic patients are also effective on bleeding time in a rat model of uremia. " 01/01/1990 - "We have reported previously that a mixture of conjugated estrogens which is effective in shortening the prolonged bleeding time in uremic patients is also effective on bleeding time in a rat model of uremia. " 07/01/1990 - "Intravenous conjugated estrogens reduce the prolonged bleeding time in uremic patients and in a rat model of uremia. " 01/01/1998 - "Conjugated estrogens for the management of gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to uremia of acute renal failure."
6.	cinacalcet (Sensipar)FDA Link 01/01/2014 - "Comparison of AMG 416 and cinacalcet in rodent models of uremia." 01/01/2006 - "Further studies, mainly focused on the efficacy of AMG 073 in the control of secondary hyperparathyroidism in uremia, confirmed the efficacy of this compound in reducing PTH levels >30% in about 50% of patients. " 10/01/2009 - "Cinacalcet is an effective treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in patients with uremia on hemodialysis. " 01/01/2014 - "This report describes the activity of AMG 416 in two different rodent models of uremia, compared in each case to cinacalcet, an approved therapeutic for secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis. " 11/01/2008 - "Here we measured the effects of oral cinacalcet on calcification of the aorta and heart in rats with a remnant kidney (5/6 nephrectomy) model of uremia that were fed a high-phosphate diet containing lactose to accelerate the process of aortic calcification. "
7.	paricalcitol (Zemplar)FDA Link 02/07/2013 - "The 5/6 nephrectomized (NX) male, Sprague-Dawley rats with established uremia were treated with vehicle or paricalcitol (0.16 μg/kg, i.p., 3×/week). " 06/01/2003 - "Efficacy of 19-Nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 in the prevention and treatment of hyperparathyroid bone disease in experimental uremia." 06/01/2015 - "Thus, under our conditions of moderate CKD and mild-to-moderate hyperphosphatemia in rats, the differential expression of Klotho and its regulation by paricalcitol in uremia is tissue-dependent. " 01/01/2011 - "The Effect of Paricalcitol on Vascular Calcification and Cardiovascular Disease in Uremia: Beyond PTH Control." 07/01/1997 - "After induction of uremia by 5/6 nephrectomy, rats were divided into five experimental groups and received intraperitoneal injections of vehicle, 1,25-(OH)2D3 (2 or 6 ng/rat), or 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2 (25 or 100 ng/rat) three times a week for 8 weeks. "
8.	CalciumIBA 11/01/2010 - "This study firstly reports that the uremic catabolyte MG could contribute to neurodegeneration associated to uremia enhancing the pro-apoptotic effect of H(2)O(2) and through an alteration in mitochondrial calcium homeostasis in glial cells." 10/01/1996 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate calcium homeostasis in platelets from patients with uremia of diabetic and nondiabetic origin. " 05/01/1972 - "From these studies it is likely that uremia, per se, may also impair intestinal calcium transport." 08/23/1970 - "[Experimental studies of intestinal calcium transport in uremia]." 03/15/2015 - "The susceptibility to calcium-induced permeability transition showed that maximum rates of depolarization were enhanced in uremia by 79%. "
9.	NitrogenIBA 03/01/1971 - "[Studies of nitrogen metabolism in chronic uremia]." 06/15/1958 - "III. Studies on the residual nitrogen fraction in uremia]." 11/01/1957 - "[Studies of experimental uremia; residual nitrogen and ureic nitrogen]." 12/01/1998 - "Dialyses, usually lasting six hours each, were begun before clinical evidence of uremia developed in each patient and/or before the nonprotein nitrogen reached 200 mg.%, and were repeated daily or often enough to maintain the nonprotein nitrogen below 150 mg.%. " 01/01/1997 - "In patients receiving CRRT, a high protein intake may result in a positive nitrogen balance in the absence of uncontrolled uremia. "
10.	Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone)IBA 05/01/1992 - "[Study of axodendritic synapses of the hippocampal CA3 field in experimental uremia and administration of exogenous parathyroid hormone]." 01/01/2012 - "Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is normalized despite low levels of CaR and VDR after experimental reversal of uremia. " 12/15/2010 - "Based on accumulated evidence, we speculate that a high concentration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) may cause neurotoxicity in patients with uremia through apoptosis-induced neuropathy. " 11/01/2010 - "Serum parathyroid hormone and phosphate influence the levels of circulating CD34+ cells in uremia." 08/01/2010 - "Skeletal resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) in uremia is known, although the mechanism of resistance is not fully elucidated. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 02/01/1966 - "Hemodialysis: a successful therapy for chronic uremia." 04/01/2004 - "Although dialysis has been shown to improve cognitive deficits resulting from uremia, little is known about potential temporal variations in cognitive measures between hemodialysis treatments. " 09/01/2006 - "This is the first study in humans characterizing uremia as a state in which hepatic CYP3A4 activity is acutely improved by hemodialysis." 01/01/1982 - "The purpose of the study was to substantiate the, compared to hemodialysis, improved tolerance to fluid withdrawal during ultrafiltration and hemofiltration with hemodynamic data and to correlate hemodynamic and sympathetic changes during the different treatment modalities of uremia." 02/01/2013 - "Treatment of uremia by hemodialysis has become widespread over the last 40 years and has improved substantially over that time. "
2.	Kidney Transplantation 01/01/1995 - "Kidney transplantation remains the most cost-effective treatment for uremia and is one of the most cost-effective technologies in health care. " 05/01/2009 - "Correction of uremia after successful renal transplantation leads to improved cardiovascular status in the majority of kidney transplanted patients. " 03/01/2011 - "Our study included 24 patients with uremia who underwent kidney transplantation. " 02/01/2002 - "This article includes historical studies of the neurologic complications of acute uremia, now fairly uncommon, and recent literature regarding neurologic side effects associated with dialysis and renal transplantation." 11/01/2001 - "A total of 19 patients developed uremia during the study, out of whom 6 were in need of dialysis and 1 has had a renal transplantation, and 14 (74%) died. "
3.	Peritoneal Dialysis 05/01/2008 - "In addition to the maintenance of normal extracellular electrolyte composition, the prescription of continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD) should address four other specific issues: (i) prevention of uremia by achievement of adequate clearance of azotemic substances, (ii) prevention of progressive expansion of the extracellular volume by adequate peritoneal ultrafiltration, (iii) prevention of loss of residual renal function, and (iv) prevention of deterioration of the peritoneal membrane structure and function. " 05/01/1981 - "This circumstance allowed the use of peritoneal dialysis in the management of chronic uremia. " 02/01/1966 - "A method for approximating the efficacy of peritoneal dialysis for uremia." 01/01/2008 - "To further elucidate the contribution of uremia to the severity of HV, we performed an autopsy study of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with severe peritoneal HV lesions. " 01/01/1996 - "Our earlier studies indicate that effective peritoneal blood flow (EPBF) during intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) does not depend on gender, age, body mass, renal disease leading to uremia and duration of IPD. "
4.	Renal Replacement Therapy (Therapies, Renal Replacement) 02/01/2001 - "This dysfunction is associated with uremia and may be improved by high-efficiency renal replacement therapy. " 09/01/2002 - "In my opinion, the new ideas, the clinical and laboratory studies, and the experiences shared during this exciting time not only advanced PD and its results, but also had a positive impact on our understanding of uremia and improved the quality of care and results obtained with all renal replacement therapies." 03/01/2014 - "Nowadays the choice to start with a renal replacement therapy (or its withdrawal once begun) is a critical issue leading to review the paradigm of constantly treating terminal uremia by means of dialysis technologies, without caring for effective prognosis nor for patients preferences, in a more affordable physician-patient relationship. " 01/28/2014 - "Among them, 4 cases (2.50%) progressed to uremia stage and received renal replacement therapy, 2(1.25%) experienced rapid decline in renal function, 9(5.66%) were hospitalized from cardio-cerebral diseases and the 2-year kidney survival rate was 97.5%. " 01/01/2014 - "The lower limit of intensity to control uremia during continuous renal replacement therapy."
5.	Nephrectomy 12/15/2014 - "Our study suggests that uremia resulting from 5/6th nephrectomy does not significantly impact the overall hepatic clearance of an Oatp substrate. " 02/01/1995 - "In order to study GC metabolism at different steps of uremia, rats were subjected to either 42% or 80% nephrectomy (NX); the experiment lasted for three weeks. " 11/01/1985 - "A model for the study of testicular function in experimental uremia induced by subtotal nephrectomy in mature male rats is described. " 03/01/1985 - "Uremia was induced by a two-stage 5/6 nephrectomy 4 weeks prior to study. " 01/01/1980 - "Acute uremia was created in female Sprague-Dawley rats by bilateral nephrectomy (n = 7) 48 h prior to studies. "