Tyramine

An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems.

Also Known As:

Networked: 392 relevant articles (13 outcomes, 34 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Goldstein, David S: 4 articles (12/2008 - 10/2004)
2.	D'Andrea, G: 4 articles (05/2007 - 05/2003)
3.	Berg, Torill: 3 articles (01/2014 - 09/2005)
4.	D'Andrea, Giovanni: 3 articles (08/2013 - 05/2008)
5.	Joyner, Michael J: 3 articles (01/2013 - 06/2003)
6.	Pechnik, Sandra: 3 articles (12/2008 - 10/2004)
7.	Holmes, Courtney: 3 articles (12/2008 - 09/2008)
8.	Xu, Keming: 2 articles (01/2016 - 03/2013)
9.	Kurisawa, Motoichi: 2 articles (01/2016 - 03/2013)
10.	Yano, Hirohisa: 2 articles (01/2016 - 03/2013)

Related Diseases

1.	Depressive Disorder (Melancholia) 07/01/1984 - "A small subgroup of medication-free patients in remission from episodes of melancholia had abnormally low tyramine sulfate excretion levels while they were euthymic, supporting the suggestion that reduced tyramine sulfate excretion following oral tyramine loading is a trait marker for depression. " 07/01/1984 - "This study replicates and extends those findings by showing that within the heterogeneous group of unipolar depressives, patients with melancholia and bipolar patients with a history of melancholia manifest a tyramine excretion deficit. " 01/01/1996 - "There is considerable evidence that subjects vulnerable to endogenous depression excrete less tyramine sulphate after an oral dose of free tyramine than controls (the tyramine test). " 12/01/1993 - "Abnormally low tyramine test values are known to be markers for vulnerability to unipolar, but not bipolar, endogenous depression. " 01/01/1992 - "The tyramine conjugation test as a trait marker for endogenous unipolar depression and a predictor of treatment response."
2.	Tachycardia (Tachyarrhythmias) 05/06/1996 - "Depletion of monoamines markedly reduced resting arterial pressure and heart rate and significantly attenuated the pressor response and tachycardia elicited by tyramine (1 mg/kg, i.v.). " 01/01/2014 - "SR59230A reduced tyramine-induced tachycardia in normotensive rats, and prevented down-regulation of the tyramine-induced rise in resistance in hypertensive rats. " 06/01/2008 - "Norepinephrine was elevated in p75-/- atria, but stimulating norepinephrine release with tyramine produced less tachycardia in p75-/- mice than wild type mice. " 03/01/1988 - "1. The mechanism of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced tachycardia is species-dependent and is mediated directly or indirectly either by '5-HT1-like' (cat), 5-HT2 (rat, dog) or 5-HT3 (rabbit) receptors, or by an action similar to tyramine (guinea-pig). " 02/01/1998 - "Pinacidil caused a slight potentiation of tachycardia induced by a bolus injection of tyramine (30 micro g), an indirectly acting sympathomimetic, but bolus injections of pinacidil (100 micro g) had no effect on heart rate. "
3.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) 08/01/1978 - "The exact mechanism of the disturbance of catecholamine excretion was not identified in our patient but some slight improvement in hypertension and arrest of his neurological deterioration was noted when he was put on a low tyramine diet. " 06/01/2013 - "In addition, tyramine appears to stimulate sympathetic nerve terminals directly, which contributed to the overall hypertension in the embryonic, hatchling and yearling animals. " 01/29/2008 - "Family history of hypertension (P<0.001) and female sex (P=0.02) predicted blunted tyramine responses. " 12/01/1989 - "Heart rate decreased during the tyramine-induced hypertension in the intact fetus, but increased in the thyroidectomized fetuses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" 10/01/1989 - "By 1965, the underlying mechanism (tyramine-provoked hypertension) had been essentially elucidated. "
4.	Ganglion Cysts (Ganglion) 02/01/2009 - "In the brain the subesophageal ganglion and all fused abdominal ganglia we found somata that were only labeled by the tyramine antibody. " 08/01/2008 - "Tyramine-like immunoreactivity was identified in neurons of the VIIIth abdominal ganglion and in axons projecting to the spermatheca of adult females of Locusta migratoria. " 12/01/2007 - "Tyramine (TA) increased significantly after mating, whereas there were no significant differences in octopamine (OA) and dopamine (DA) levels in the brain-suboesophageal ganglion (SOG) complexes between virgin and mated females. " 12/01/1971 - "Tyramine appeared to be metabolized by two enzymes, one of which was highly sensitive to clorgyline, designated A, whereas the other enzyme, designated B, was less sensitive to clorgyline.2. The ratio of A/B activity for brain was 6/4 while in the ganglion it was 9/1.3. " 07/16/1982 - "The sensitivity of the ganglion to norepinephrine was increased by the catecholamine uptake inhibitors, desipramine (3 X 10(-7) M), d-amphetamine (10(-6) and 10(-5) M) and tyramine (10(-4) M). "
5.	Schizophrenia (Dementia Praecox) 12/09/1967 - "Pink spot, p-tyramine and schizophrenia." 01/01/1982 - "3. Urinary unconjugated tryptamine, and meta- and para-tyramine appear to be excreted in reduced amounts in schizophrenia and bipolar depression. " 12/28/1977 - "The value of MAO activity measurements as a means for distinguishing sub-types of schizophrenic disorders is improved by using two substrates; tryptamine and p-tyramine. " 11/01/2012 - "Trace amines (TAs) such as β-phenylethylamine, p-tyramine, or tryptamine are biogenic amines found in the brain at low concentrations that have been implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, depression, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
2.	Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
3.	Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
4.	Propranolol (Inderal)
5.	Isoproterenol (Isoprenaline)
6.	Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor)
7.	Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
8.	tryptamine
9.	Selegiline (E250)
10.	Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenergic Receptor)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Heterologous Transplantation (Xenotransplantation)
2.	Lower Body Negative Pressure
3.	Injections
4.	Intravenous Injections
5.	Denervation