Lymph Node Tuberculosis (Scrofula)

Infection of the lymph nodes by tuberculosis. Tuberculous infection of the cervical lymph nodes is scrofula.

Also Known As:

Scrofula; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Cervical Lymphadenitis, Mycobacterial; Lymph Node Tuberculoses; Lymphadenitis, Cervical Tuberculous; Lymphadenitis, Mycobacterial Cervical; Scrofulas; Tuberculoses, Lymph Node; Tuberculous Lymphadenitis; Tuberculous Lymphadenitis, Cervical; Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis; Lymphadenitis, Tuberculous; Mycobacterial Cervical Lymphadenitis

Networked: 422 relevant articles (18 outcomes, 30 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Infections: 526564
- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses: 1
  - Bacterial Infections: 24368
    - Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections: 348
      - Actinomycetales Infections: 1
        Mycobacterium Infections: 93
        Tuberculosis: 48666
        Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: 549
        Lymph Node Tuberculosis: 422
        King's Evil: 1

Related Diseases

1.	Tuberculosis (Tuberculoses)
2.	Pulmonary Tuberculosis
3.	Lymphadenopathy
4.	Infections
5.	Erythema Induratum (Bazin Disease)

Experts

1.	Babu, Subash: 18 articles (01/2022 - 01/2013)
2.	Sridhar, Rathinam: 18 articles (01/2022 - 01/2013)
3.	Kathamuthu, Gokul Raj: 17 articles (01/2022 - 01/2017)
4.	Baskaran, Dhanaraj: 15 articles (01/2022 - 05/2017)
5.	Moideen, Kadar: 12 articles (01/2022 - 01/2017)
6.	Kumar, Nathella Pavan: 6 articles (01/2021 - 01/2013)
7.	Mustafa, Tehmina: 6 articles (01/2015 - 02/2005)
8.	Sviland, Lisbet: 6 articles (11/2014 - 02/2005)
9.	Banurekha, Vaithilingam V: 5 articles (01/2020 - 01/2013)
10.	Nair, Dina: 3 articles (01/2020 - 05/2017)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Lymph Node Tuberculosis:

1.	Rifampin (Rifampicin)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2020 - "In this study we aim to study the prevalence of PGP expression and function and its relationship with serum concentrations of Rifampicin in consecutive patients with lymph node tuberculosis. " 08/01/1973 - "[Clinical studies on the effects of rifampicin for tuberculous lymphadenitis (author's transl)]." 12/01/2023 - "The nanoparticle distribution pattern may be advantageous for the treatment of intestinal or lymph node tuberculosis (TB) and has the potential to result in a lower dose of rifampicin nanoformulation for the treatment of pulmonary TB." 10/01/2022 - "Role of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of cervical lymph node tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance." 04/01/2020 - "Overexpression of PGP is common in patients with lymph node tuberculosis and leads to lower concentrations of Rifampicin in blood which subsequently may give rise to development of drug resistance. "
2.	Isoniazid (Ftivazide)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2021 - "Clinical value of endobronchial ultrasound-guided aspiration and local isoniazid injection in the treatment of mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis." 05/01/1953 - "[Isonicotinic acid hydrazide therapy of a case of lymph node tuberculosis]." 01/01/1953 - "[Use of isonicotinic acid hydrazide in therapy of tuberculous lymphadenitis]." 10/01/2011 - "We present a case of reversible acute pancreatitis after isoniazid treatment of lymph node tuberculosis, followed by the recurrence of pancreatitis upon the reintroduction of the drug." 04/01/2021 - "This study aimed to investigate the value of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) guided purulence aspiration and local isoniazid injection after lymph node puncture in the treatment of refractory mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis (MTLA) as compared to systemic anti-tuberculosis treatment. "
3.	CytokinesIBA 01/01/2015 - "The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in the serum cytokine levels of tuberculous lymphadenitis patients with respect to age and gender. " 02/27/2023 - "Systemic Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Post-Treatment Modulation in Tuberculous Lymphadenitis." 01/01/2022 - "Dominant expansion of CD4+, CD8+ T and NK cells expressing Th1/Tc1/Type 1 cytokines in culture-positive lymph node tuberculosis." 01/01/2021 - "Tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL) is defined by reduced proinflammatory cytokines and elevated CD4+, CD8+ T cells and decreased CD8+ cytotoxic markers. " 01/01/2021 - "Altered plasma levels of βC and γC chain cytokines and post-treatment modulation in tuberculous lymphadenitis."
4.	InterferonsIBA 02/01/2016 - "The efficacy of the interferon-γ release assay for diagnosing cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis: A prospective controlled study." 05/01/2016 - "The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) (T-SPOT.TB) for patients with suspected lymph node tuberculosis (TB). " 01/01/2017 - "Performance of interferon-γ release assay in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis: a meta-analysis." 05/01/2016 - "Diagnostic performance of interferon-γ release assay for lymph node tuberculosis." 06/01/2012 - "The diagnostic process, however, revealed lymph node tuberculosis with multiple hepatic granulomas despite a repeatedly negative interferon-γ release assay. "
5.	Ethambutol (Myambutol)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2022 - "The purpose of the study is to evaluate 99mTc-labeled ethambutol (99mTc-EMB) as a potential diagnostic agent in lymph node tuberculosis (LNTB). " 06/01/1994 - "There was a history of mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis 3 years earlier that was treated with isoniazide, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for 2 years. " 12/01/1992 - "In conclusion, in areas with a high frequency of tuberculous strains presenting a primary resistance to isoniazid, a 9-month regimen of rifampicin, isoniazid and ethambutol is recommended for lymph node tuberculosis." 03/01/1990 - "Nine months of rifampicin and isoniazid, supplemented by ethambutol for the first 2 months, is the current treatment of choice for tuberculous lymphadenitis. " 07/01/1988 - "Seventy-three patients with superficial lymph node tuberculosis, who received either 9 months' or 18 months' treatment with rifampicin and isoniazid, supplemented by ethambutol for the first 8 weeks, were followed up for 5 years. "
6.	Tuberculin (PPD)IBA 08/25/2023 - "Patients with clinical suspicion for NTMCL and a positive PPD-Tb should first have tuberculous lymphadenitis ruled out with IGRA. " 12/01/2013 - "The patient's condition was subsequently diagnosed with EN associated with mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis based on skin biopsy, tuberculin skin test, and treatment response. " 11/01/2012 - "For the diagnosis of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis, it is important to suspect this disease from the findings of the sedimentation rate, tuberculin test, and ultrasonography with fine needle aspiration cytology. " 01/01/2010 - "The criteria for a definite diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis were based on a compatible clinical history, tuberculin positivity and either an indicative cytological result or positive culture. " 08/18/2009 - "We found that being foreign born, being HIV+, and having a prior history of a positive PPD appeared to be associated with a diagnosis of scrofula. "
7.	Cod Liver OilIBA 11/18/1846 - "Cod-Liver Oil in Scrofula." 03/01/2012 - "After Ebenezer Scrooge's transformation, Scrooge could have ensured an improved diet, sunshine exposure, and possibly cod liver oil for Tiny Tim, which could have led to a "cure." Dickens was familiar with both rickets and TB and wrote about cod liver oil as a possible cure for rickets and scrofula. " 01/01/1842 - "Treatise on the Oleum Jecoris Aselli, or Cod Liver Oil, as a Therapeutic Agent in Certain Forms of Gout, Rheumatism, and Scrofula; with Cases."
8.	Cathartics (Purgatives)IBA 07/01/1838 - "Practical Observations on the Preservation of Health and the Prevention of Diseases: Comprising the Author's Experience on the Disorders of Childhood and Old Age, on Scrofula, and on the Efficacy of Cathartic Medicines." 01/01/1996 - "However, the following classification was done: digestives, 4 prescriptions; drugs for syphilis-suppuration, 3; drugs for eye diseases, 3; cathartics, 2; alteractives and resolvents, 2; drugs for scrofula, 1; drugs for scabies, 1; antitussives and expectorants, 1; rubefacients, 1; diuretics-antiphlogistic-laxative (niter), 1; and unknown, 1. Siebold's medical activities were performed mainly in the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan. "
9.	Member 1 Subfamily B ATP Binding Cassette TransporterIBA 04/01/2020 - "P-glycoprotein (PGP) overexpression may be one of the operating mechanisms of suboptimal responses to antitubercular treatment (ATT) in patients with lymph node tuberculosis. " 04/01/2020 - "Prevalence of p-glycoprotein (PGP) expression, function and its effect on efficacy of rifampicin in patients with lymph node tuberculosis."
10.	Sepharose (Agarose)IBA 02/01/2002 - "Of 16 tissue samples of the patients pathologically diagnosed as suspicious scrofula, 15 samples were same positive results and this tallied with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection, too; 1 sample could find the specific bands of 383 bp and 268 bp which were present in the agarose gel and this tallied with nontuberculous mycobacteria infection. " 02/01/2002 - "Among them, 193 tissue samples of the patients pathologically diagnosed as scrofula, tuberculous granulomatous tissue or tuberculous granulomatous inflammation were positive: the specific hands of 383 bp, 123 bp and 268 bp were present in the agarose gel and this tallied with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 12/01/2016 - "Local therapy could prove effective in cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis patients who exhibit an inadequate response to drugs. " 05/10/2022 - "As a result of the foregoing promising results, it may be inferred that the suggested nanoemulsion could be a viable therapy option for lymph node tuberculosis." 01/01/1989 - "The efficacy of the therapy of tuberculous lymphadenitis using two drugs with bactericidal activity is described. " 09/01/2003 - "To study the diagnostic pathway for tuberculous lymphadenitis from initial referral to the commencement of antituberculous therapy with the object of identifying potentially avoidable delays. " 04/01/1963 - "[Studies on the pathogenesis and therapy of cervical lymph node tuberculosis from the years 1957 to 1961]."
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 08/18/1990 - "Tuberculous lymphadenitis in children can be successfully treated with a short course chemotherapy regimen of six months." 12/01/2023 - "After surgical treatment of cervical lymph node tuberculosis, the effectiveness of a 4-6 month short-course chemotherapy in Wuhan region is not weaker than the effectiveness of a conventional 6-9 month drug treatment." 12/01/2023 - "To evaluate the clinical efficacy of postoperative ultra-short-course chemotherapy in treating cervical lymph node tuberculosis in the Wuhan region. " 11/01/2005 - "To investigate the relation between clinical outcomes and nodal features on computed tomography (CT) in cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis (CTBL) before and after antituberculous chemotherapy. " 11/01/2005 - "Detailed nodal features of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis on serial neck computed tomography before and after chemotherapy: focus on the relation between clinical outcomes and computed tomography features."
3.	Radiotherapy 05/01/1963 - "[Tuberculous lymphadenitis accompanied by diffuse peripheral arteriolitis cured with tuberculostatic drugs and radiotherapy. " 03/21/1997 - "At the ages of 26 and 29 she had been treated for cervical lymph node tuberculosis with local excision and percutaneous radiotherapy of 8 Gy each time. " 01/01/1957 - "Concentrated radiotherapy of tuberculous lymphadenitis." 05/01/2004 - "A 67-year-old Japanese man had received radiation therapy of an unknown amount for three years for the treatment of right cervical lymph node tuberculosis at the age of 7. Within the area of chronic radiation dermatitis, on the right preauricular region, he presented with a skin-colored to erythematous, firm nodule. " 01/01/1998 - "The primary disease for which the radiotherapy had been applied was benign disease in 48 patients (including tuberculous lymphadenitis in 39 patients), and malignant tumors in 17 patients (including 9 laryngeal cancers and 5 thyroid cancers). "
4.	Traditional Medicine (Folk Remedies) 03/08/2011 - "Thladiantha dubia (Cucurbitaceae) has been used in Chinese manchu nationality folk medicine for treatment of various diseases, such as scrofula, carbuncle, lactation deficiency, etc. Its effects include softening hard masses, heat-clearing and detoxifying, reducing swelling, eliminating carbuncle, and promoting lactation. " 01/01/2020 - "indicum L.), a member of the Compositae family, is a perennial plant that has been used as a traditional medicine for more than 2000 years in China and is widely used for the treatment of Pemphigus, swelling, pain, and scrofula. " 10/01/2013 - "Its whole plant has the medicinal functions of heat-clearing and detoxifying, relieving congestion and other effects, and is used as the folk medicine to cure scrofula, dysuria embolism and other symptoms. " 01/01/2014 - "Many species belonging to the Scrophularia genus have been used since ancient times as folk remedies for many medical conditions such as scrofulas, scabies, tumors, eczema, psoriasis, inflammations. " 01/01/2012 - "A new triterpenoid saponin and fourteen known triterpenoids were isolated from the methanol extract of the stems and leaves of Callicarpa integerrima Champ, which is used in Chinese folk medicine for stopping bleeding, expelling the wind, dissipating stagnation, and treating scrofula, by using various chromatographies, such as silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and RP-C18 column chromatography. "
5.	Phonophoresis 06/01/2016 - "Assessment of the efficacy of drug transdermal delivery by electro-phonophoresis in treating tuberculous lymphadenitis."