Trismus (Lockjaw)

Spasmodic contraction of the masseter muscle resulting in forceful jaw closure. This may be seen with a variety of diseases, including TETANUS, as a complication of radiation therapy, trauma, or in association with neoplastic conditions.

Also Known As:

Networked: 497 relevant articles (55 outcomes, 67 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pain (Aches)
2.	Postoperative Pain
3.	Head and Neck Neoplasms (Head and Neck Cancer)
4.	Bruxism
5.	Spasm (Spasms)

Experts

1.	Johnson, Joakim: 3 articles (11/2015 - 06/2010)
2.	Finizia, Caterina: 3 articles (11/2015 - 06/2010)
3.	Gay-Escoda, Cosme: 3 articles (05/2015 - 05/2012)
4.	Majid, Omer Waleed: 3 articles (06/2014 - 09/2011)
5.	Tsai, Chi-Ying: 3 articles (03/2014 - 07/2006)
6.	Wei, Fu-Chan: 3 articles (03/2014 - 07/2006)
7.	Aras, Mutan Hamdi: 3 articles (10/2012 - 02/2009)
8.	Dijkstra, P U: 3 articles (07/2012 - 04/2007)
9.	Lauris, J R P: 3 articles (03/2011 - 01/2007)
10.	Faria, F A C: 3 articles (03/2011 - 01/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Trismus:

1.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2014 - "Pre-operative 4 mg submucosal dexamethasone injection was significantly effective in reduction of postoperative swelling and trismus." 09/01/2011 - "Submucosal dexamethasone provided significant improvement in trismus compared with the control group on day 1 postoperatively (P = .026). " 04/01/2011 - "Submucosal injection of dexamethasone after third molar surgery is effective in reducing postoperative swelling and trismus. " 06/01/2013 - "To assess the efficacy of Dexamethasone (DM) pericoronal injection for the control of swelling and trismus caused by impacted mandibular third molars extraction. " 02/01/2008 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two different concentrations (4 and 8 mg) of dexamethasone to decrease the swelling and trismus after the surgical extraction of mandibular impacted third molars. "
2.	Analgesics (Analgesic Drugs)IBA 02/01/2010 - "This study showed that the use of ultrasound bone surgery for third molar extraction significantly reduced the occurrence of postsurgical trismus, the occurrence of swelling, and the number of analgesics taken after surgery." 05/01/2015 - "VAS scores and trismus were very low in all patients, which did not take analgesics since the third day after surgery. " 11/01/1997 - "The proportion of group I patients using analgesics was significantly lower on both days 1 and 5 than the proportion of patients using analgesics in groups II, III, and IV. In all groups, the proportion of patients using analgesics dropped significantly between days 1 and 5. Trismus is less severe after simple (forceps-only, grade I) extractions than after surgical extractions (grades II to IV). " 01/01/2015 - "These variables were also assessed on postoperative days 1, 2, 3, and 7. Statistical analysis revealed a significant reduction in postoperative pain (sum of 1(st), 2(nd), 3(rd) and 7(th) days) and trismus (on postoperative day 1) in group 2 (traditional surgery + PRF group), and in postoperative pain, the number of analgesics taken (sum of 1(st), 2(nd),3(rd) and 7(th) days) and trismus (on postoperative day 1) in group 3 (piezosurgery + PRF group) compared to groups 1 and 4 (traditional surgery groups), (p ≤ 0.05). " 09/01/2013 - "Statistical analysis indicates a significant reduction of trismus, swelling, pain intensity, and patient-controlled intake of analgesics during the whole postsurgical period of investigation (first to seventh day). "
3.	meloxicam (Mobic)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2012 - "Meloxicam proved effective in diminishing trismus." 03/01/2012 - "There was less trismus in the meloxicam group (P > 0.05). " 01/01/2007 - "Pain, trismus and swelling after lower third molar removal not requiring osteotomy can be successfully controlled by a dose regimen of 7.5mg meloxicam once daily. " 01/01/2016 - "The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-trismus effect of a single dose of diclofenac and meloxicam after mandibular third molar extraction. " 01/01/2016 - "Data of this double-blind, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial demonstrated that patients receiving 15 mg of preoperative meloxicam had a better postoperative analgesia and anti-trismus effect compared with who were given 100 mg of diclofenac after third molar extractions."
4.	Botulinum Toxins (Botulinum Toxin)IBA 01/01/2013 - "Trismus may be treated with botulinum toxin injections into the masseter and temporalis muscles. " 01/01/2006 - "Botulinum toxin was injected into the masseter and temporalis; great improvement in trismus and bruxism was noted after 3 weeks. " 12/01/2009 - "Botulinum toxin B increases mouth opening in patients with spastic trismus." 05/01/2008 - "Early treatment of tetanus-induced trismus with botulinum toxin A." 04/01/2008 - "Botulinum toxin for radiation-induced facial pain and trismus."
5.	Diclofenac (SR 38)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2016 - "The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-trismus effect of a single dose of diclofenac and meloxicam after mandibular third molar extraction. " 11/01/1994 - "Only with respect to recovery in mouth-opening ability (trismus) from day 2 to day 7 did diclophenac sodium reveal a statistically significant advantage (p = 0.0452)." 01/01/2016 - "Data of this double-blind, randomized, parallel-group clinical trial demonstrated that patients receiving 15 mg of preoperative meloxicam had a better postoperative analgesia and anti-trismus effect compared with who were given 100 mg of diclofenac after third molar extractions." 08/01/2006 - "To compare the efficacy of methylprednisolone (corticoid) versus diclofenac (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory--NSAID) in the treatment of inflammation and trismus after the surgical removal of lower third molars. " 06/01/2014 - "The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of oral bromelain (4 × 250 mg) versus oral diclofenac sodium (4 × 25 mg) on pain, swelling, trismus, and quality of life (QOL) after surgical removal of impacted lower third molars. "
6.	MethylprednisoloneFDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2014 - "Effect of the route of administration of methylprednisolone on oedema and trismus in impacted lower third molar surgery." 09/01/1993 - "Trismus or the need for analgesic medication were not affected by this dose of methylprednisolone." 01/01/1985 - "Some decrease in postoperative discomfort (swelling and trismus) was noted in the methylprednisolone group. " 05/01/2014 - "While oral administration and i.v. injection of methylprednisolone achieved similar results, masseter injection provided better results in reducing oedema and trismus when compared to the control following lower third molar surgery." 12/01/2014 - "The study evidently proves that there is no statistically significant difference between the intrabuccal approach of masseteric injection and gluteal injection of methylprednisolone in terms of pain, swelling and trismus following surgical removal of impacted lower third molars. "
7.	Prednisolone (Predate)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1976 - "Both prednisolone and papase are effective in reducing the oral surgical sequelae of trismus and pain, although prednisolone apparently is the more potent drug. " 01/01/2010 - "Postoperative administration of 30 mg prednisolone to the patients relieved trismus, swelling and pain more than non-administration of prednisolone in the control group. " 01/01/2010 - "It was found that a combination of a single dose of prednisolone and Etorikoxib is well-suited for treatment of postoperative pain, trismus, and swelling after third molar surgery and should be used to diminish postoperative swelling of soft tissues." 12/01/2010 - "A single preoperative oral administration of ≤20 mg prednisolone had no significant effect on postoperative symptoms of pain, facial oedema, or gastrointestinal upset, or on masticatory symptoms, trismus, or swallowing discomfort in mandibular third molar surgery. " 01/01/2010 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a single dose of prednisolone, taken orally immediately after the operation, would increase the effects of etorikoxib (Arcoxia(R)) NSAID in preventing trismus and swelling after surgical removal of impacted third molars. "
8.	Piroxicam (Feldene)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2011 - "In summary, pain, trismus and swelling after lower third molar extraction, independent of surgical difficulty, could be controlled by piroxicam 20mg administered orally or sublingually and no significant differences were observed between the route of delivery used in this study." 12/01/2005 - "No significant differences were detected when comparing groups for trismus at days 2 and 7. The present results indicate that, when given alone in the pre-operative period, piroxicam-FDDF effectively counteracts post-surgical pain and inflammatory reactions in oral tissues. " 07/01/2012 - "Sublingual ketorolac and sublingual piroxicam are equally effective for postoperative pain, trismus, and swelling management in lower third molar removal." 07/01/2012 - "The present study's aim was to compare the clinical efficacy of sublingual ketorolac and sublingual piroxicam in managing pain, trismus and swelling after lower third molar extraction in adult volunteers. " 08/01/2007 - "We compared the clinical efficacy of orally administered valdecoxib and piroxicam for the prevention of pain, trismus and swelling after removal of horizontally and totally intrabony impacted lower third molars. "
9.	OzoneIBA 07/01/2014 - "Although the ozone therapy had no effect on postoperative swelling and trismus after surgical removal of impacted lower third molars, LLLT had a positive effect." 05/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic ozone application in the management of pain, swelling, and trismus associated with the surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. " 05/01/2014 - "Effects of ozone therapy on pain, swelling, and trismus following third molar surgery." 07/01/2014 - "This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the ozone and laser application in the management of pain, swelling, and trismus after third-molar surgery. " 07/01/2015 - "Comments on "Comparison of the influence of ozone and laser therapies on pain, swelling, and trismus following impacted third-molar surgery"."
10.	KetamineFDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1991 - "Prolonged apnoea, trismus and ketamine." 06/01/2009 - "The aim of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy of combined treatment with local anesthetic and subanesthetic ketamine for the relief or prevention of postoperative pain, swelling, and trismus after the surgical extraction of third molars. " 06/01/2009 - "The combination of a local anesthetic and subanesthetic doses of ketamine during surgical extraction of third molars can produce good local anesthesia while affording a comfortable procedure for the surgeon and patient and providing good postoperative analgesia with less swelling and significantly less trismus." 01/01/1997 - "Following ketamine administration, intubation was successful in 19 patients (65.5 per cent) in all of whom the indication for ketamine administration was restlessness or trismus. " 06/01/2009 - "Assessment of combined local anesthesia and ketamine for pain, swelling, and trismus after surgical extraction of third molars."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) 02/01/2009 - "It was determined that the trismus and the swelling in LLLT group were significantly less than in the placebo group on postoperative days 2 and 7. Within the limitations of this study it can be concluded that LLLT can be beneficial for the reduction of postoperative trismus and swelling after third molar surgery." 09/01/2010 - "This study demonstrates that extraoral LLLT is more effective than intraoral LLLT for the reduction of postoperative trismus and swelling after extraction of the lower third molar." 09/01/2010 - "The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of extraoral and intraoral low-level laser therapies (LLLT) on postoperative trismus and oedema following the removal of mandibular third molars. " 07/01/2014 - "Trismus in the LLLT group was significantly less than in the ozonated and control groups (p = 0.033). " 09/01/2010 - "However, at the seventh postoperative day in the intraoral-LLLT group, only trismus (35.6 +/- 8.5 [p = 0.002]) was significantly less than in the placebo group (29.0 +/- 6.2 mm). "
2.	Radiotherapy 04/01/2014 - "Radiotherapy-induced trismus (RTIT) is a debilitating condition without any proven effective treatment. " 04/01/2014 - "Prophylactic training for the prevention of radiotherapy-induced trismus - a randomised study." 08/01/2010 - "The weighted prevalence for trismus was 25.4% in patients who received conventional radiotherapy and 5% for the few intensity-modulated radiation therapy studies. " 08/01/2015 - "Several stretching techniques and jaw mobilizing devices are available, but their effect in radiotherapy-induced trismus is still largely unknown. " 08/01/2015 - "Patients treated with IMRT showed significantly less aspiration (p=.011), less trismus (p=.035), and less subjective swallowing problems than those treated with conventional radiotherapy. "
3.	Lasers (Laser) 05/01/2013 - "Trismus persisted for a longer period in laser group. " 01/01/2009 - "To evaluate the efficacy of laser to reduce trismus in OSMF METHODS: Laser with follow-up physiotherapy Diode laser gave good result in all our patients. " 05/01/2013 - "Although LLLT has been reported to prevent swelling and trismus following the removal of impacted third molars, some of these studies reported a positive laser effect while others did not. " 08/01/2015 - "Moreover, LLLT reduces an average of 4.94 mm (MD = 4.94, 95 % CI 1.53 to 8.34, P = 0.004) of trismus compared with placebo laser irradiation in the first 3 days. " 02/01/2007 - "There are many therapies to treat the trismus, such as durg therapy, occulusal splints, pulsing electromagnetic fields, medical iontophoresis, laser, acupuncture. "
4.	Cryotherapy (Therapy, Cold) 06/01/2005 - "Despite playing no role in the reduction of trismus, cryotherapy was effective in reducing swelling and pain in this sample, and the authors still recommend it be used. " 06/01/2005 - "The influence of cryotherapy on reduction of swelling, pain and trismus after third-molar extraction: a preliminary study." 05/01/2005 - "This study compares the efficacy of Tecnol bilateral facial ice packs with no cold therapy in reducing pain, swelling and trismus during the first 24 h following third molar surgery. "
5.	Semiconductor Lasers 01/01/2009 - "We used diode laser to relieve trismus. " 01/01/2009 - "To evaluate the efficacy of laser to reduce trismus in OSMF METHODS: Laser with follow-up physiotherapy Diode laser gave good result in all our patients. " 10/01/2012 - "The results demonstrate that both the 1064-nm Nd:YAG and the 808-nm diode lasers were effective in improving trismus and OHRQoL in acute pericoronitis. " 01/01/2009 - "Use of diode laser in oral submucous fibrosis with trismus: prospective clinical study."