Ocular Toxoplasmosis

Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.

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Networked: 234 relevant articles (18 outcomes, 21 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Toxoplasmosis
2.	Infection
3.	Choroidal Neovascularization
4.	Encephalitis (Encephalitis, Rasmussen)
5.	Cysts

Experts

1.	Muccioli, Cristina: 6 articles (09/2011 - 08/2003)
2.	de-la-Torre, Alejandra: 5 articles (06/2015 - 10/2009)
3.	Rothova, Aniki: 5 articles (03/2014 - 01/2002)
4.	Belfort, Rubens: 5 articles (11/2007 - 08/2003)
5.	Candolfi, Ermanno: 4 articles (05/2015 - 04/2009)
6.	Bourcier, Tristan: 4 articles (05/2015 - 04/2009)
7.	Pfaff, Alexander W: 4 articles (05/2015 - 04/2009)
8.	Oréfice, Fernando: 4 articles (06/2013 - 12/2004)
9.	Mackensen, Friederike: 3 articles (11/2015 - 06/2012)
10.	Gómez-Marín, Jorge Enrique: 3 articles (06/2015 - 02/2012)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Ocular Toxoplasmosis:

1.	Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination (Co-Trimoxazole)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2005 - "Therapy with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole seems to be an acceptable alternative for the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis." 06/01/1992 - "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis." 03/01/2000 - "Nonetheless, toxoplasmic encephalitis developed 6 months after the onset of ocular toxoplasmosis and responded well to TMP-SMX. " 07/01/2009 - "Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and azithromycin combination is an effective and safe treatment modality for the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis." 01/01/2011 - "All eyes with ocular toxoplasmosis-associated CNV received one intravitreal bevacizumab injection under the coverage of oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. "
2.	Pyrimethamine (Daraprim)FDA Link 07/01/1996 - "Lower doses of pyrimethamine with suphadoxine in an easy once a day treatment regime could be an alternative and cost-effective therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis." 03/01/1982 - "Ocular toxoplasmosis treated with pyrimethamine." 01/01/1972 - "[Serological reactions in ocular toxoplasmosis prior to and following Daraprim treatment]." 04/01/1965 - "HEMATOLOGICAL SIDE-EFFECTS OF PYRIMETHAMINE IN THE TREATMENT OF OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS." 01/01/1962 - "[Considerations on some cases of probable ocular toxoplasmosis in adults treated with daraprim]."
3.	Sulfadiazine (Sulphadiazine)FDA Link 01/01/1987 - "The goal of the present paper was to study the recurrence rate of ocular toxoplasmosis during a four years period following a Pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine therapy. " 09/01/2005 - "13/16 cases of ocular toxoplasmosis were treated with the combination of pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine; they were followed up and re-treated if necessary. " 02/01/1980 - "Treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis with clindamycin and sulfadiazine." 12/01/2015 - "While chemotherapeutic regimens, including pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine regimens, ameliorate acute or recrudescent disease such as toxoplasmic encephalitis or ocular toxoplasmosis, these drugs are often toxic to the host. " 11/01/2005 - "Prospective, randomized trial of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole vs. pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine in the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis: discussion."
4.	Clindamycin (Cleocin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2008 - "Intravitreal clindamycin therapy offers a recent additional strategy to treat ocular toxoplasmosis in patients who are intolerant or resistant to systemic treatment. " 04/01/2002 - "A Caucasian woman presenting with recurrence of intra-ocular toxoplasmosis was given intravitreal clindamycin. " 01/01/1997 - "[Value of clindamycin in the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis]." 06/01/1996 - "Cats were experimentally inoculated parenterally with the ME49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii to characterize the efficacies of two different dosages of orally administered clindamycin hydrochloride in the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. " 11/01/1995 - "Short-term effects of the clindamycin-steroid regimen in the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis."
5.	Azithromycin (Zithromax)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1998 - "To investigate the efficacy of azithromycin in patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. " 07/01/2002 - "To compare the effects of two treatment regimens, one of which included azithromycin, for the treatment of sight-threatening (near optic disk or fovea) ocular toxoplasmosis. " 11/01/1998 - "These results indicate that although azithromycin cannot prevent recurrent disease it may be an effective alternative for patients with ocular toxoplasmosis who cannot tolerate standard therapies." 11/01/1998 - "11 immunocompetent patients with ocular toxoplasmosis were treated with azithromycin (500 mg the first day, followed by 250 mg/day for 5 weeks). " 11/01/1998 - "Azithromycin for ocular toxoplasmosis."
6.	Atovaquone (Mepron)FDA Link 01/01/1999 - "To report the results of a phase I trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of atovaquone for the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients. " 03/01/1995 - "Future clinical investigations have to control the efficacy of Atovaquone in the therapy of ocular toxoplasmosis." 01/01/1999 - "Atovaquone is a promising alternative for the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients." 01/01/1999 - "Clinical response and patient tolerance to atovaquone therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis. " 10/01/1996 - "Atovaquone is an effective and well tolerated drug for the treatment of active ocular toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients. "
7.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)IBA 01/01/2012 - "Serological IgG avidity test for ocular toxoplasmosis." 11/01/2010 - "Contribution of anti-Hsp70.1 IgG antibody levels to the diagnostic certainty of clinically suspected ocular toxoplasmosis." 12/01/2001 - "Previously, differences in Ag recognition were observed between systemic and ocular derived IgG of patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. " 12/01/2001 - "Evidence for a compartmentalized B cell response as characterized by IgG epitope specificity in human ocular toxoplasmosis." 06/01/2000 - "To determine whether IgG immunoblotting can improve the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. "
8.	Immunoglobulin M (IgM)IBA 11/01/1998 - "Two of the 13 patients tested were IgM positive and considered to have acquired ocular toxoplasmosis. " 06/01/1991 - "An excess of IgM reactivity among the retinal disease group may indicate low level immunoglobulin-M production associated with an acute exacerbation of ocular toxoplasmosis. " 09/01/2000 - "Despite improved diagnostic techniques, including determination of IgM class antibodies and PCR testing, definitive diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis remains a challenge. " 09/01/2010 - "Four patients had the acquired form of ocular toxoplasmosis (positive IgM) while six were IgM negative and IgG positive for toxoplasmosis. " 01/01/2012 - "Seventy-one patients (54.6%) were found to be seropositive, of whom five (3.8%) were both IgG and IgM positive (suggestive of recently acquired ocular toxoplasmosis) while one (0.8%) showed IgG avidity ≤40% (suggestive of recently acquired ocular toxoplasmosis) and 65 patients (50.0%) showed IgG avidity >40% (suggestive of reactivation of toxoplasmosis infection). "
9.	AntibodiesIBA 06/01/1983 - "By using a modified enzyme immunoassay we have conducted a detailed study on the intraocular synthesis of toxoplasma antibodies during ocular toxoplasmosis. " 01/01/2013 - "gondii antibodies in search of ocular toxoplasmosis. " 11/01/2010 - "Logistic probability and anti-Hsp70.1 antibodies in sera confirmed that 10 of 23 cases in group B were true ocular toxoplasmosis. " 02/01/2002 - "[Ocular toxoplasmosis antibodies in aqueous humor and serum]." 01/01/2001 - "The analysis of the specific antibodies synthesis in ocular fluid by the Western blot seems to be a valuable immunodiagnostic method for a final diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis."
10.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 10/01/2004 - "Aqueous humor and serum immunoblotting for immunoglobulin types G, A, M, and E in cases of human ocular toxoplasmosis." 01/01/1988 - "[Diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis by the ELISA method applied to the determination of immunoglobulins of the aqueous humor]." 08/01/2003 - "SETTING/RESULTS: A 38-year-old woman who had been treated for ocular toxoplasmosis 20 years earlier delivered a newborn who presented with a focal necrotizing retinochoroiditis characteristic of toxoplasmosis, as well as positive immunoglobulin (Ig) G and M serology for toxoplasmosis. " 01/01/2012 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunoglobulin (Ig) G avidity of serological toxoplasmosis testing in patients with ocular inflammation and to determine the clinical manifestations of ocular toxoplasmosis. " 03/01/1999 - "To investigate the immunoglobulin classes associated with the intraocular anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody response during clinical ocular toxoplasmosis and to determine which immunoglobulin class is most helpful in the diagnosis of this disease. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Intravitreal Injections 05/01/2015 - "As there are virtually no immunological data on reactivating ocular toxoplasmosis, we established a model of direct intravitreal injection of parasites in previously infected mice with a homologous type II strain. " 11/01/2014 - "Intravitreal injection of clindamycin may be an acceptable alternative to the classic treatment in cases with refractory ocular toxoplasmosis. " 08/01/2008 - "Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab appears to be an effective and safe treatment modality in patients with choroidal neovascularization secondary to ocular toxoplasmosis. " 08/01/2008 - "We report two young patients with choroidal neovascularization secondary to ocular toxoplasmosis who received a single intravitreal injection of bevacizumab as primary or rescue therapy. " 01/01/2011 - "To compare the efficacy of intravitreal injection of clindamycin and dexamethasone with classic treatment for ocular toxoplasmosis. "
2.	Vitrectomy 11/01/2009 - "Pars plana vitrectomy for treatment of vitreoretinal complications secondary to ocular toxoplasmosis can be safely performed and may result in improved visual acuity." 01/01/2013 - "Ocular toxoplasmosis reactivation may develop after pars plana vitrectomy. " 01/01/2013 - "Reactivation of ocular toxoplasmosis after pars plana vitrectomy." 09/01/2011 - "Twenty-five gauge vitrectomy for vitreous opacities secondary to ocular toxoplasmosis." 01/01/2010 - "An elderly female patient was treated for recurrent ocular toxoplasmosis, and because of progressive vitritis, a diagnostic vitrectomy was performed. "
3.	Intraocular Injections 10/01/1995 - "Although the lesions were not identical to those of human disease, this animal model of ocular toxoplasmosis offers several advantages: reproducibility, short incubation time, spontaneous resolution without treatment, consistent production of cysts, and ease of inoculation intraperitoneally without intraocular injection."
4.	Transplants (Transplant) 06/01/1995 - "The patients were two recipients of autologous BMTs with past histories of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis who developed symptomatic reactivation of ocular toxoplasmosis as documented by formal opthalmologic examination in the early post-transplant period. " 06/01/1995 - "The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of reactivation ocular toxoplasmosis in bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients and to propose guidelines for identification and chemoprophylaxis of high-risk patients. " 06/01/1995 - "gondii and have findings consistent with previous toxoplasma retinochoroiditis on pre-transplant ophthalmologic examination appear to be at risk for reactivation of ocular toxoplasmosis in the early post-transplant period and may warrant preventive chemoprophylaxis for toxoplasmosis."
5.	Chemoprevention 06/01/1995 - "The objective of this study was to report the occurrence of reactivation ocular toxoplasmosis in bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients and to propose guidelines for identification and chemoprophylaxis of high-risk patients. " 06/01/1995 - "gondii and have findings consistent with previous toxoplasma retinochoroiditis on pre-transplant ophthalmologic examination appear to be at risk for reactivation of ocular toxoplasmosis in the early post-transplant period and may warrant preventive chemoprophylaxis for toxoplasmosis."