Toxaphene

A very complex, but reproducible mixture of at least 177 C10 polychloro derivatives, having an approximate overall empirical formula of C10-H10-Cl8. It is used as an insecticide and may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 69 relevant articles (2 outcomes, 8 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Arnold, D L: 4 articles (12/2001 - 05/2001)
2.	Bryce, F: 4 articles (12/2001 - 01/2000)
3.	Hayward, S: 4 articles (12/2001 - 01/2000)
4.	Fernie, S: 3 articles (12/2001 - 05/2001)
5.	Denslow, Nancy D: 2 articles (02/2020 - 01/2013)
6.	Klaunig, James E: 2 articles (01/2017 - 10/2015)
7.	Lamb, James C: 2 articles (01/2017 - 10/2015)
8.	Wang, Zemin: 2 articles (01/2017 - 10/2015)
9.	Hoppin, Jane A: 2 articles (10/2013 - 02/2007)
10.	Mills, Paul K: 2 articles (01/2006 - 09/2005)

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 10/01/2015 - "Following an initial 14 day dietary dose range-finding study in male mice, a mechanistic study (0, 3, 32, and 320 ppm toxaphene in diet for 7, 14, and 28 days of treatment) was performed to examine the potential mechanisms of toxaphene induced mouse liver tumors. " 10/01/2015 - "This study was performed to investigate the mode of action of toxaphene induced mouse liver tumors. " 07/01/2012 - "In vitro studies confirmed that both technical toxaphene and degraded toxaphene inhibit gap junctional intercellular communication that correlates with the mechanistic potential to cause tumor promotion. " 01/01/2017 - "Toxaphene was shown to increase liver tumor incidence in B6C3F1 mice following chronic dietary exposure. " 10/01/2015 - "Chronic exposure to toxaphene resulted in an increase in liver tumors in B6C3F1 mice. "
2.	Otitis 08/01/1987 - "Nicotine used at approximately 2 ppm in 0.25% toxaphene dip wash was found to be 95% effective in the treatment and control of bovine parasitic otitis after dipping clinically affected cattle twice weekly for twelve weeks. "
3.	Body Weight (Weight, Body) 09/01/2001 - "The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for the female monkeys based on the toxaphene effects on humoral immunity was 0.1 mg/kg body weight/day." 05/01/2001 - "On a weekly basis, each monkey's body weight was determined and its dose of toxaphene adjusted. " 05/01/2001 - "The younger males (Group F) ingested capsules containing 0.8 mg of technical grade toxaphene/kg body weight/day. " 05/01/2001 - "The female test groups self-ingested capsules containing doses of 0, 0.1, 0.4 or 0.8 mg (Groups A, B, C, D) of technical grade toxaphene/kg body weight/day (i.e. " 05/01/2001 - "3) Technical grade toxaphene (0, 0.1, 0.4 or 0.8 mg/kg body weight) was ingested daily by female cynomolgus monkeys of reproductive age for 18 months prior to being mated with control males. "
4.	Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer) 02/11/2000 - "Toxaphene is antiestrogenic in a human breast-cancer cell assay." 02/11/2000 - "Due to the public concern over environmental estrogens, the estrogenicity of toxaphene was examined in a human breast-cancer cell assay, the MCF-7 focus assay, which is based on in vitro postconfluent cell proliferation and tissue restructuring. " 08/01/1997 - "In order to examine the potential of toxaphene as an environmental endocrine disrupter, we investigated its effect on the estrogen receptor (ER) function in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. " 08/01/1997 - "Effect of toxaphene on estrogen receptor functions in human breast cancer cells." 04/01/1997 - "The estrogenic activity of dieldrin, toxaphene, and an equimolar mixture of both compounds (dieldrin/toxaphene) was investigated in the 21-day-old B6C3F1 mouse uterus, MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, and in yeast-based reporter gene assays. "
5.	Retinoblastoma (Glioblastoma, Retinal) 01/11/1999 - "In this study, experiments with CEM x 174 cells, a hybrid of human T and B cells, were performed to investigate the effects of the tumor promoter heptachlor and its congeners chlordane and toxaphene on retinoblastoma (Rb) gene expression. " 01/11/1999 - "Effect of the chlorinated hydrocarbons heptachlor, chlordane, and toxaphene on retinoblastoma tumor suppressor in human lymphocytes."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Carbaryl (Sevin)
2.	Nicotine
3.	Dieldrin
4.	Hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane)
5.	Insecticides
6.	Heptachlor
7.	Chlordan (Chlordane)
8.	Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (TCDD)
9.	Organophosphates
10.	Methoxychlor (Metox)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)
2.	Duration of Therapy